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Abstract
Objective The purpose of this study was to demonstrate the feasibility of a combined cooling strategy started out of hospital as an adjunctive to percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in the treatment of ST-elevation acute coronary syndrome (STE-ACS).
Design Non-randomised, single-centre feasibility trial.
Setting Department of emergency medicine of a tertiary-care facility, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria. In cooperation with the Municipal ambulance service of the city of Vienna.
Patients Consecutive patients with STE-ACS presenting to the emergency medical service within 6 h after symptom onset.
Interventions Cooling was initiated with surface cooling pads in the out-of-hospital setting, followed by the administration of 1000–2000 mL of cold saline at hospital arrival and completed by endovascular cooling in the catheterisation laboratory.
Main outcome measures Feasibility of lowering core temperature below 35.0°C prior to immediately performed revascularisation. Safety and tolerability of the cooling procedure.
Results In enrolled 19 patients (one woman, median age 51 years (IQR 45–59)), symptom onset to first medical contact (FMC) was 45 min (IQR 31–85). A core temperature below 35.0°C at reperfusion of the culprit lesion was achieved in 11 patients (78%) within 100 min (IQR 90–111) after FMC without any cooling-related serious adverse event. Temperature could be lowered from baseline 36.4°C (IQR 36.2–36.5°C) to 34.4°C (IQR 34.1–35.0°C) at the time of reperfusion.
Conclusions With limitations an immediate out-of-hospital therapeutic hypothermia strategy was feasible and safe in patients with STE-ACS undergoing primary PCI.
Clinical trial registration http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01864343; clinical trials unique identifier: NCT01864343
- Coronary Artery Disease
- Myocardial Ischaemia and Infarction (IHD)
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Introduction
Contemporary therapy in patients with ST-elevation acute coronary syndrome (STE-ACS) is to reperfuse the ischaemic myocardium as soon as possible to reduce infarct size and associated complications.1 However, reperfusion itself may provoke myocardial injury and increase infarct size.2 There is currently no effective therapy available for preventing myocardial reperfusion injury. Infarct size is one of the main predictors of both short-term and long-term outcomes in patients with acute myocardial infarction.3 ,4 Reduction or inhibition of myocardial ischaemia/reperfusion injury is therefore an important objective of current research to improve outcome after acute myocardial infarction.
Therapeutic hypothermia was effective in improving neurological outcome and reducing the risk of death in patients after cardiac arrest.5 ,6 In recent years, growing evidence in animal and human studies have documented or suggested the benefit of mild hypothermia for acute myocardial infarction7–11 and cardiogenic shock.12 The value of therapeutic hypothermia in protecting myocardial tissue is still poorly explored and most likely multifactorial.13–15 The two major clinical trials investigating mild hypothermia via endovascular cooling catheters as an adjunct to acute myocardial infarction treatments failed to show a reduction in infarct size.16 ,17 Post hoc analysis of the data in these trials has shown that only a minority of patients were hypothermic at onset of reperfusion, and the subgroup of patients who were cooled to a temperature below 35°C prior to reperfusion did have a significant reduction in infarct size. A recent study by Götberg et al18 was able to show a significant reduction in infarct size in relation to myocardium at risk by the induction of prereperfusion hypothermia.
The aim of the present study was to investigate the feasibility and safety of a temperature care bundle, started in the out-of-hospital setting, combining surface, intravenous and endovascular cooling for induction and maintenance of prereperfusion mild hypothermia in awake patients with STE-ACS.
Methods
The study was conducted according to the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki (V.4, 2004) and was approved by the ethical review board of the Medical University of Vienna (Protocol number: 492/2011; clinicaltrials.gov registration number: NCT01864343). Subjects were informed orally about the aims of the study and had to provide written consent for participation.
Study endpoints
Primary endpoint was to investigate the feasibility of a strategic cooling approach for achievement of prereperfusion hypothermia (<35.0°C). Secondary endpoints were safety of the cooling procedure and adverse events within a follow-up period of 45±15 days.
Study population
This was a prospective interventional study in a cohort of patients with acute STE-ACS. We included patients with at least 30 min of continuous typical chest pain, with ST-elevations of at least 0.2 mV in two or more anatomically contiguous leads, presenting to the emergency medical service within 6 h after symptom onset. The possibility of an immediate transfer to the catheterisation laboratory for primary percutaneous coronary intervention was mandatory for inclusion. Patients were excluded if they were presenting with cardiac arrest, had a tympanic temperature below 35°C at presentation, had a history of chronic heart failure (defined as New York Heat Association classification II–IV) or presented in a condition of acute heart failure (defined by Killip classes II–IV). Furthermore, patients treated with thrombolytic agents, clinical signs of infection, end-stage kidney disease or hepatic failure, recent stroke, haematological dyscrasias, oral anticoagulant treatment or severe pulmonary disease were excluded. Patients with a known allergy to meperidine, buspirone or using monoamine oxidase inhibitors, as well as women of childbearing potential were not eligible for inclusion.
Cooling procedure
Cooling was initiated by the application of external cooling pads (EMCOOLS Flex.Pad, EMCOOLS—Emergency Medical Cooling Systems AG, Pfaffstätten, Austria) performed out of hospital by physicians on scene. The cooling pads were stored in a cooling box at approximately −4°C before use. The cooling pads were applied on patient's back, thorax, abdomen and thighs and were removed after arrival at the catheterisation laboratory. At hospital arrival, patients received a bolus of 1000–2000 mL of ice-cold saline solution (4°C). In the catheterisation laboratory, an endovascular cooling catheter (Accutrol 14Fr, Philips InnerCool RTx endovascular thermal control system; Philips Healthcare, California, USA) was placed into the inferior vena cava via a femoral vein, with the tip at the level of the diaphragm. The catheter position was checked by x-ray and adjusted as necessary. Target temperature was set to 34.0°C. All three cooling methods have already been used in awake subjects for induction and maintenance of mild hypothermia.18 ,19 Immediately after inserting the cooling catheter, the arterial sheath was placed and primary percutaneous coronary intervention was performed according to the interventionist's best judgement.
Three hours after successful revascularisation (in case of unsuccessful revascularisation 3 h after reaching a core temperature <35°C), cooling was stopped, subjects were covered with a blanket and were allowed to rewarm passively.
Temperature monitoring
Out-of-hospital temperature measurements were performed by an infrared tympanic thermometer (Ototemp LighTouch, Exergen, Watertown, Massachusetts, USA). Once the invasive cooling catheter was in place, blood temperature was measured with the integrated thermistor within the distal tip of the Accutrol catheter and feedback to the RTx console. Prior to reperfusion temperature was updated to measure blood temperature at the time of wire-crossed lesion. After removal of the catheter temperature was measured with an infrared tympanic thermometer.
Medication
After baseline measurements (blood pressure, peripheral oxygen saturation, heart rate and tympanic temperature), an intravenous bolus of meperidine (Alodan; Gerot Pharma, Vienna, Austria) 1 mg/kg and 30 mg oral buspirone (Buspar; Bristol-Myers Squibb, Vienna, Austria) were administered to prevent shivering. Meperidine infusion at a rate of 30 mg/h was started upon reaching the catheterisation laboratory. In case of shivering or discomfort an additional bolus of 20 mg meperidine was given, followed by an increase of meperidine infusion by 5 mg/h.
Follow-up
All adverse events (serious and non-serious) were collected from the time of enrolment until a clinical follow-up on day 45±15 on an intention-to-treat basis. Adverse events were included, but were not limited to death, reinfarction, aortocoronary bypass surgery, acute heart failure, ventricular tachycardia/fibrillation, stroke, bradycardia, major or minor bleeding (according to thrombolysis in myocardial infarction bleeding score).
Statistics
Continuous variables are shown as mean±SD, or as median and IQR, if not normally distributed. Nominal data are given as counts and percentages of total number. In this feasibility trial, no formal hypothesis testing or group comparisons were performed. To compare changes in vital signs and laboratory values from baseline, the paired t-test or Wilcoxon signed-rank test was used. A two-sided p value <0.05 was considered significant. SPSS software (V.20.0 for Mac, IBM Inc., Illinois, USA) and Microsoft Excel (V.12.0 for Mac, Microsoft Corp., Washington, USA) were used for statistical analysis.
Results
A total of 19 patients (one woman) with a median age of 51 years (45–59) and a body mass index of 29.4 (25.7–31.6) were included in this pilot study. Baseline characteristics are shown in table 1.
Baseline characteristics
We excluded five patients from the analysis of the primary outcome. In three patients, we found no significant coronary stenosis. Two of these patients were classified as coronary vasospasm and one as a case of perimyocarditis. In these three cases, a temperature of <35.0°C could be achieved at the time of abortion of angiography. In one case, cooling was aborted immediately after inclusion because the catheterisation laboratory was not available. One patient developed signs of cardiogenic shock early after inclusion and cooling initiation with cooling pads. Therefore, study procedures were aborted. This patient suffered from occlusion of the left main coronary artery and died from intractable cardiogenic shock.
In the remaining 14 cases that were eligible for primary outcome analysis, a median time of 45 min (31–85) from symptom onset to first medical contact (FMC) was recorded. Cooling was initiated at a median of 14 min (7–25) after FMC at a median tympanic temperature of 36.4°C (36.2–36.5) with the application of eight cooling pads (6–9). Patients arrived 40 min (29–46) after FMC at the emergency department and 48 min (40–56) after FMC in the catheterisation laboratory. At the time of arrival in the catheterisation laboratory, they had received 1000 mL (1000–1600) of 4°C cold saline. The first measured blood temperature was 35.9°C (35.2–36.3). Door-to-balloon time was 59 min (44–74). Revascularisation was established 100 min (90–111) after FMC at an intervention time (time from arterial access to wire-crossed lesion) of 21 min (16–27), at a blood temperature of 34.4°C (34.1–35.0°C, figure 1). In 11 patients (78%), a core temperature below 35.0°C at reperfusion of the culprit lesion could be reached. In three patients, the target temperature of <35.0°C could not be achieved. In one case, the endovascular cooling device had an unidentified malfunction. In the other two cases, time from FMC to reperfusion was only 65 and 78 min, respectively, whereas in the second case only 200 mL of cold fluid has been administered due to kinking of the vascular access line.
Individual temperature courses of 14 patients during preventive cooling in ST-elevation acute coronary syndrome. *Temperatures at these time points were measured with infrared tympanic thermometer. All other temperatures reflect blood temperature measured by the endovascular catheter.
All 14 patients were cooled for 3 h at a target temperature between 34.0°C and 35.0°C. After 3 h, active cooling was stopped and patients were allowed to rewarm passively. We found no significant change in systolic blood pressure, heart rate or oxygen saturation during the cooling procedure. Whereas significant shivering (ie, peripheral shivering) was observed only in one patient, minor shivering episodes (ie, isolated facial or masticatory fasciculation) were present in all patients. All shivering conditions could be well controlled by adaption of the meperidine drip. In five cases (26%), the meperidine drip had to be adjusted several times because of unpleasant sensation of cold, which resulted in an immediate relief of symptoms. All shivering and/or discomfort episodes occurred during endovascular cooling in the cath lab and resulted in the administration of 3 (2–5) boli of meperidine (20 mg) followed by an increase of the meperidine drip (5 mg/h). Clinical outcomes and adverse events of all 19 included patients are summarised in table 2.
Outcomes and adverse events
Discussion
The present pilot trial demonstrates that a combined cooling strategy initiated in the out-of-hospital setting is feasible in patients with ongoing ST-elevation acute coronary syndrome (STE-ACS). In those patients who were eligible for analysis of the primary endpoint, we were able to reduce median temperatures from 36.4°C to 34.4°C at the time of reperfusion.
Cooling
Current treatment guidelines for patients with ongoing STE-ACS recommend that the time interval between FMC and reperfusion of the ischaemic myocardium to be as short as possible to minimise infarct size and thereby reducing short-term and long-term morbidity and mortality.1 Because of reperfusion injury that is known to include multimodal pathophysiologic consequences leading to cell death and subsequently to an increase in infarct size,20 new treatment strategies to limit reperfusion injury are needed.
Existing human data indicate that a reduction of the core temperature to less than 35.0°C at the time of reperfusion will reduce infarct size, whereas induction of hypothermia after reperfusion has no effect on infarct size.16–18 As time is crucial in STE-ACS, the induction of hypothermia is claimed not to extend the time to reperfusion. As a logic consequence, cooling should start at the time of FMC in the out-of-hospital setting without delaying current time limits. In this study, we could show that early induction of hypothermia provided by emergency medical teams on scene is able to lower patients’ temperatures by 0.5°C until arrival in the catheterisation laboratory. This should be interpreted under consideration of two different types of temperature measurements (tympanic temperature out-of-hospital; blood temperature in-hospital). In cardiac arrest patients treated with therapeutic hypothermia, tympanic temperatures tended to be 0.6°C lower than those measured in the femoral vein.21 Considering relatively low distances to the next catheterisation laboratory in an urban setting, out-of-hospital cooling might become more relevant in rural areas. The delay caused by study-related interventions seems to be low when comparing with pre-existing data on routine timing at our hospital.22 This is consistent with the findings of Götberg et al18 who found no significant influence of the cooling procedure on the door-to-balloon time.
Safety
In a previous study, no signs of pulmonary congestion/oedema were reported after the administration of comparable amounts of cold saline in patients with STE-ACS.18 In patients with cardiac arrest, a comparable bolus volume was administered without clinically relevant pulmonary congestion.23 In addition, the rate of arrhythmic events is similar to existing data.24 ,25 There were no adverse events associated with the cooling procedure itself. Shivering could be avoided by a therapeutic regimen used in previous cooling studies without side effects.19 Many other antishivering strategies are described in the literature.26–28 None of the existing regimen fulfils the key points without interacting with respiration or haemodynamics, so continuous monitoring and adaption of dosage are mandatory to prevent adverse events. Future studies should focus on the development of an easy to use and safe possibility to suppress shivering. As there were no significant changes in blood pressure, oxygen saturation or heart rate during the cooling procedure, we have no evidence for causing an increased afterload and therefore a compromised cardiac function by surface cooling or endovascular cooling.
Limitations
The fact that we were not able to reduce temperatures to predefined levels in all patients highlights the limitation of this approach caused by the demand of immediate reperfusion. As we are not able to measure blood temperature in the out-of-hospital setting and tympanic temperature underlies many variations, we are not able to provide reliable data on the effect of out-of-hospital cooling. As there was no control group in this trial, the data on safety, adverse events as well as procedure-related time loss are limited.
Conclusion
The temperature care bundle used in this trial is feasible and safe for induction of prereperfusion hypothermia in patients with ongoing STE-ACS. Further studies are needed to evaluate if changes in the cooling procedure enable to get more patients within therapeutic ranges of hypothermia and if this approach improves outcomes in patients with ongoing STE-ACS.
Acknowledgments
In memory of Reinhard Malzer, who died unexpectedly on 13 April 2013. Thank you for your infinite humanity and great support. We are indebted to all emergency physicians, paramedics and nurses for their enthusiastic cooperation and to the patients who participated in this study for their trust and support.
References
Footnotes
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Contributors All authors have made substantial contributions to all of the following: (1) the conception and design of the study, or acquisition of data, or analysis and interpretation of data, (2) drafting the article or revising it critically for important intellectual content and (3) final approval of the version to be submitted.
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Competing interests None.
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Ethics approval Ethical review board of the Medical University of Vienna (Protocol number: 492/2011; clinicaltrials.gov registration number: NCT01864343).
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Provenance and peer review Not commissioned; externally peer reviewed.