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Cardiac risk factors and prevention
Original research
Analysis of sex differences in the clinical presentation, management and prognosis of infective endocarditis in Spain
  1. Laura Varela Barca1,
  2. Laura Vidal-Bonnet2,
  3. MC Fariñas3,
  4. Patricia Muñoz4,5,
  5. Maricela Valerio Minero4,
  6. Arístides de Alarcón6,
  7. Encarnacion Gutiérrez Carretero7,
  8. Manuel Gutiérrez Cuadra3,
  9. Asuncion Moreno Camacho8,
  10. Xabier Kortajarena Urkola9,
  11. Josune Goikoetxea Agirre10,
  12. Guillermo Ojeda Burgos11,
  13. Luis Eduardo López-Cortés12,
  14. JC Porres Azpiroz13,
  15. Jose Lopez-Menendez14
  16. GAMES Investigators
    1. 1 Cardiac Surgery, Hospital Universitario Fundacion Jimenez Diaz, Madrid, Spain
    2. 2 Servicio de Cirugía Cardiaca, Hospital Universitari Son Espases, Palma de Mallorca, Illes Balears, Spain
    3. 3 Servicio de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Marques de Valdecilla Foundation, Santander, Cantabria, Spain
    4. 4 Servicio de Microbiología Clínica y Enfermedades Infecciosas, Gregorio Maranon General University Hospital Cardiology Service, Madrid, Spain
    5. 5 CIBER Enfermedades Respiratorias-CIBERES (CB06/06/0058), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
    6. 6 Servicio de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Virgen del Rocio University Hospital, Sevilla, Spain
    7. 7 Cardiac Surgery, Virgen del Rocio University Hospital, Sevilla, Spain
    8. 8 Servicio de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Clinic Barcelona Hospital University, Barcelona, Spain
    9. 9 Servicio de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Donostia Ospitalea, San Sebastian, Spain
    10. 10 Servicio de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Cruces University Hospital, Barakaldo, País Vasco, Spain
    11. 11 Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Microbiología y Medicina Preventiva, University Hospital Virgen de la Victoria, Malaga, Spain
    12. 12 Unidad Clínica de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Microbiología y Medicina Preventiva, Complejo Hospitalario Virgen de la Macarena, Sevilla, Spain
    13. 13 Servicio de Cardiología, Miguel Servet University Hospital, Zaragoza, Spain
    14. 14 Cardiac Surgery, Hospital Universitario Ramon y Cajal, Madrid, Spain
    1. Correspondence to Dr Laura Varela Barca, Cardiac surgery, Hospital Universitario Fundacion Jimenez Diaz, 28034 Madrid, Spain; lauravarela21089{at}gmail.com

    Abstract

    Introduction Sex-dependent differences of infective endocarditis (IE) have been reported. Women suffer from IE less frequently than men and tend to present more severe manifestations. Our objective was to analyse the sex-based differences of IE in the clinical presentation, treatment, and prognosis.

    Material and methods We analysed the sex differences in the clinical presentation, modality of treatment and prognosis of IE in a national-level multicentric cohort between 2008 and 2018. All data were prospectively recorded by the GAMES cohort (Spanish Collaboration on Endocarditis).

    Results A total of 3451 patients were included, of whom 1105 were women (32.0%). Women were older than men (mean age, 68.4 vs 64.5). The most frequently affected valves were the aortic valve in men (50.6%) and mitral valve in women (48.7%). Staphylococcus aureus aetiology was more frequent in women (30.1% vs 23.1%; p<0.001).

    Surgery was performed in 38.3% of women and 50% of men. After propensity score (PS) matching for age and estimated surgical risk (European System for Cardiac Operative Risk Evaluation II (EuroSCORE II)), the analysis of the matched cohorts revealed that women were less likely to undergo surgery (OR 0.74; 95% CI 0.59 to 0.91; p=0.05).

    The observed overall in-hospital mortality was 32.8% in women and 25.7% in men (OR for the mortality of female sex 1.41; 95% CI 1.21 to 1.65; p<0.001). This statistical difference was not modified after adjusting for all possible confounders.

    Conclusions Female sex was an independent factor related to mortality after adjusting for confounders. In addition, women were less frequently referred for surgical treatment.

    • heart valve prosthesis implantation
    • endocarditis
    • risk factors

    Data availability statement

    All data relevant to the study are included in the article or uploaded as supplementary information. The study included all consecutive patients included in the GAMES registry, maintained by 27 Spanish tertiary hospitals.

    https://doi.org/10.1136/heartjnl-2021-319254

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      Data availability statement

      All data relevant to the study are included in the article or uploaded as supplementary information. The study included all consecutive patients included in the GAMES registry, maintained by 27 Spanish tertiary hospitals.

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      Footnotes

      • Collaborators Members of GAMES: Hospital Costa del Sol, (Marbella): Fernando Fernández Sánchez, Mariam Noureddine, Gabriel Rosas, Javier de la Torre Lima Hospital Universitario de Cruces, (Bilbao): Elena Bereciartua, Roberto Blanco, María Victoria Boado, Marta Campaña Lázaro, Alejandro Crespo, Laura Guio Carrión, Mikel Del Álamo Martínez de Lagos, Gorane Euba Ugarte, Josune Goikoetxea, Marta Ibarrola Hierro, José Ramón Iruretagoyena, Josu Irurzun Zuazabal, Leire López-Soria, Miguel Montejo, Javier Nieto, David Rodrigo, Regino Rodríguez, Yolanda Vitoria, Roberto Voces. Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, (Málaga): Ma Victoria García López, Radka Ivanova Georgieva, Guillermo Ojeda, Isabel Rodríguez Bailón, Josefa Ruiz Morales. Hospital Universitario Donostia-Poliklínica Gipuzkoa-IIS Biodonostia, (San Sebastián): Harkaitz Azkune Galparsoro, Elisa Berritu Boronat, Ma Jesús Bustinduy Odriozola, Cristina del Bosque Martín, Tomás Echeverría, Alberto Eizaguirre Yarza, Ana Fuentes, Miguel Ángel Goenaga, Muskilda Goyeneche del Río, Ángela Granda Bauza, José Antonio Iribarren, Xabier Kortajarena Urkola, José Ignacio Pérez-Moreiras López, Ainhoa Rengel Jiménez, Karlos Reviejo, Alberto Sáez Berbejillo, Elou Sánchez Haza, Rosa Sebastián Alda, Itziar Solla Ruiz, Irati Unamuno Ugartemendia, Diego Vicente Anza, Iñaki Villanueva Benito, Mar Zabalo Arrieta. Hospital General Universitario de Alicante, (Alicante): Rafael Carrasco, Vicente Climent, Patricio Llamas, Esperanza Merino, Joaquín Plazas, Sergio Reus Complejo Hospitalario Universitario A Coruña, (A Coruña): Nemesio Álvarez, José María Bravo-Ferrer, Laura Castelo, José Cuenca, Pedro Llinares, Enrique Miguez Rey, María Rodríguez Mayo, Efrén Sánchez, Dolores Sousa Regueiro. Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Huelva, (Huelva): Francisco Javier Martínez Hospital Universitario de Canarias, (Canarias): Ma del Mar Alonso, Beatriz Castro, Teresa Delgado Melian, Javier Fernández Sarabia, Dácil García Rosado, Julia González González, Juan Lacalzada, Lissete Lorenzo de la Peña, Alina Pérez Ramírez, Pablo Prada Arrondo, Fermín Rodríguez Moreno. Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, (Málaga): Antonio Plata Ciezar, José Ma Reguera Iglesias. Hospital Universitario Central Asturias, (Oviedo): Víctor Asensi Álvarez, Carlos Costas, Jesús de la Hera, Jonnathan Fernández Suárez, Lisardo Iglesias Fraile, Víctor León Arguero, José López Menéndez, Pilar Mencia Bajo, Carlos Morales, Alfonso Moreno Torrico, Carmen Palomo, Begoña Paya Martínez, Ángeles Rodríguez Esteban, Raquel Rodríguez García, Mauricio Telenti Asensio. Hospital Clínic-IDIBAPS, Universidad de Barcelona, (Barcelona): Manuel Almela, Juan Ambrosioni, Manuel Azqueta, Mercè Brunet, Marta Bodro, Ramón Cartañá, Carlos Falces, Guillermina Fita, David Fuster, Cristina García de la Mària, Delia García-Pares, Marta Hernández-Meneses, Jaume Llopis Pérez, Francesc Marco, José M. Miró, Asunción Moreno, David Nicolás, Salvador Ninot, Eduardo Quintana, Carlos Paré, Daniel Pereda, Juan M. Pericás, José L. Pomar, José Ramírez, Irene Rovira, Elena Sandoval, Marta Sitges, Dolors Soy, Adrián Téllez, José M. Tolosana, Bárbara Vidal, Jordi Vila. Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, (Madrid): Iván Adán, Juan Carlos Alonso, Ana Álvarez-Uría, Javier Bermejo, Emilio Bouza, Gregorio Cuerpo Caballero, Antonia Delgado Montero, Ana García Mansilla, Ma Eugenia García Leoni, Esther Gargallo, Víctor González Ramallo, Martha Kestler Hernández, Amaia Mari Hualde, Marina Machado, Mercedes Marín, Manuel Martínez-Sellés, Patricia Muñoz, María Olmedo, Blanca Pinilla, Ángel Pinto, Cristina Rincón, Hugo Rodríguez-Abella, Marta Rodríguez-Créixems, Antonio Segado, Neera Toledo, Maricela Valerio, Pilar Vázquez, Eduardo Verde Moreno Hospital Universitario La Paz, (Madrid): Isabel Antorrena, Belén Loeches, Mar Moreno, Ulises Ramírez, Verónica Rial Bastón, María Romero, Sandra Rosillo. Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla, (Santander): Jesús Agüero Balbín, Cristina Amado, Carlos Armiñanzas Castillo, Ana Arnaiz, Francisco Arnaiz de las Revillas, Manuel Cobo Belaustegui, María Carmen Fariñas, Concepción Fariñas-Álvarez, Marta Fernández Sampedro, Iván García, Claudia González Rico, Laura Gutierrez-Fernandez, Manuel Gutiérrez-Cuadra, José Gutiérrez Díez, Marcos Pajarón, José Antonio Parra, Ramón Teira, Jesús Zarauza. Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro, (Madrid): Jorge Calderón Parra, Marta Cobo, Fernando Domínguez, Alberto Fortaleza, Pablo García Pavía, Jesús González, Ana Fernández Cruz, Elena Múñez, Antonio Ramos, Isabel Sánchez Romero. Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, (Madrid): Tomasa Centella, José Manuel Hermida, José Luis Moya, Pilar Martín-Dávila, Enrique Navas, Enrique Oliva, Alejandro del Río, Jorge Rodríguez-Roda Stuart, Soledad Ruiz. Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, (Granada): Carmen Hidalgo Tenorio Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena, (Sevilla): Manuel Almendro Delia, Omar Araji, José Miguel Barquero, Román Calvo Jambrina, Marina de Cueto, Juan Gálvez Acebal, Irene Méndez, Isabel Morales, Luis Eduardo López-Cortés Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, (Sevilla): Arístides de Alarcón, Emilio García, Juan Luis Haro, José Antonio Lepe, Francisco López, Rafael Luque. Hospital San Pedro, (Logroño): Luis Javier Alonso, Pedro Azcárate, José Manuel Azcona Gutiérrez, José Ramón Blanco, Antonio Cabrera Villegas, Lara García-Álvarez, Concepción García García, José Antonio Oteo. Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, (Barcelona): Natividad de Benito, Mercé Gurguí, Cristina Pacho, Roser Pericas, Guillem Pons Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago de Compostela, (A Coruña): M. Álvarez, A. L. Fernández, Amparo Martínez, A. Prieto, Benito Regueiro, E. Tijeira, Marino Vega. Hospital Santiago Apóstol, (Vitoria): Andrés Canut Blasco, José Cordo Mollar, Juan Carlos Gainzarain Arana, Oscar García Uriarte, Alejandro Martín López, Zuriñe Ortiz de Zárate, José Antonio Urturi Matos. Hospital SAS Línea de la Concepción, (Cádiz): Sánchez-Porto Antonio, Úbeda Iglesias Alejandro. Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca (Murcia): José Ma Arribas Leal, Elisa García Vázquez, Alicia Hernández Torres, Ana Blázquez, Gonzalo de la Morena Valenzuela. Hospital de Txagorritxu, (Vitoria): Ángel Alonso, Javier Aramburu, Felicitas Elena Calvo, Anai Moreno Rodríguez, Paola Tarabini-Castellani. Hospital Virgen de la Salud, (Toledo): Eva Heredero Gálvez, Carolina Maicas Bellido, José Largo Pau, Ma Antonia Sepúlveda, Pilar Toledano Sierra, Sadaf Zafar Iqbal-Mirza. Hospital Rafael Méndez, (Lorca-Murcia):, Eva Cascales Alcolea, Ivan Keituqwa Yañez, Julián Navarro Martínez, Ana Peláez Ballesta. Hospital Universitario San Cecilio (Granada): Eduardo Moreno Escobar, Alejandro Peña Monje, Valme Sánchez Cabrera, David Vinuesa García. Hospital Son Llátzer (Palma de Mallorca): María Arrizabalaga Asenjo, Carmen Cifuentes Luna, Juana Núñez Morcillo, Ma Cruz Pérez Seco, Aroa Villoslada Gelabert Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet (Zaragoza): Carmen Aured Guallar, Nuria Fernández Abad, Pilar García Mangas, Marta Matamala Adell, Ma Pilar Palacián Ruiz, Juan Carlos Porres. Hospital General Universitario Santa Lucía (Cartagena): Begoña Alcaraz Vidal, Nazaret Cobos Trigueros, María Jesús Del Amor Espín, José Antonio Giner Caro, Roberto Jiménez Sánchez, Amaya Jimeno Almazán, Alejandro Ortín Freire, Monserrat Viqueira González. Hospital Universitario Son Espases (Palma de Mallorca): Pere Pericás Ramis, Ma Ángels Ribas Blanco, Enrique Ruiz de Gopegui Bordes, Laura Vidal Bonet Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Albacete (Albacete): Ma Carmen Bellón Munera, Elena Escribano Garaizabal, Antonia Tercero Martínez, Juan Carlos Segura Luque Hospital Universitario Terrassa: Cristina Badía, Lucía Boix Palop, Mariona Xercavins, Sónia Ibars. Hospital Universitario Dr. Negrín (Gran Canaria): Eloy Gómez Nebreda, Ibalia Horcajada Herrera, Irene Menduiña Gallego. Complejo Hospitalario Universitario Insular Materno Infantil (Las Palmas de Gran Canaria): Héctor Marrero Santiago, Isabel de Miguel Martínez, Elena Pisos Álamo. Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre (Madrid): Eva Ma Aguilar Blanco, Mercedes Catalán González, María Angélica Corres Peiretti, Andrea Eixerés Esteve, Laura Domínguez Pérez, Santiago de Cossío Tejido, Francisco Galván Román, José Antonio García Robles, Francisco López Medrano, Ma Jesús López Gude, Ma Ángeles Orellana Miguel, Patrick Pilkington, Yolanda Revilla Ostalaza, Juan Ruiz Morales, Sebastián Ruiz Solís, Ana Sabín Collado, Marcos Sánchez Fernández, Javier Solera Rallo, Jorge Solís Martín. Hospital Universitari Bellvitge (Barcelona): Carmen Ardanuy, Guillermo Cuervo Requena, Sara Grillo, Alejandro Ruiz Majoral. Hospital Universitario Fundación Jiménez Díaz (Madrid): Beatriz Álvarez, Alfonso Cabello Úbeda, Ricardo Fernández Roblas, Miguel Ángel Navas Lobato, Ana María Pello.

      • Contributors All authors listed have contributed sufficiently to the project in order to be included as authors. This work has been accepted by the GAMES group.

      • Funding The authors have not declared a specific grant for this research from any funding agency in the public, commercial or not-for-profit sectors.

      • Competing interests None declared.

      • Provenance and peer review Not commissioned; externally peer reviewed.

      • Supplemental material This content has been supplied by the author(s). It has not been vetted by BMJ Publishing Group Limited (BMJ) and may not have been peer-reviewed. Any opinions or recommendations discussed are solely those of the author(s) and are not endorsed by BMJ. BMJ disclaims all liability and responsibility arising from any reliance placed on the content. Where the content includes any translated material, BMJ does not warrant the accuracy and reliability of the translations (including but not limited to local regulations, clinical guidelines, terminology, drug names and drug dosages), and is not responsible for any error and/or omissions arising from translation and adaptation or otherwise.

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