We have read with great interest the article written by Jolicoer et al. (1) about the concordant domain analysis, a new method to interpret early phase trials and we applaud their initiative which expands the horizons in the current context of progressive diffuculties to ran studies.
Randomized controlled trials (RCT) and meta-analysis constitute the highest level of evidence and the chances to succeed are high when there is a strong financial support to launch projects as Further Cardiovascular Outcomes Research with PCSK9 Inhibition in Subjects with Elevated Risk (FOURIER) with 27,564 patients, which in addition to demonstrate the hypothesis of the study, it ensures the external validity and the study of subgroups.
However, recently we are witnessing a progressively more tortuous environment to launch adequately powered RCTs due to economic restrictions, lower margin to demonstrate cost-effectivity of the new treatments and more strict legal requirements and as the authors quote, only 1 in 10 investigational agents tested in phase III trials reaches the market. Some authors have already raisen concerns about the future of research and the protagonism of new methods as adaptive studies(2) or approaches to emulate RCT (3) are foreseen in the near future.
In our opinion, the combination of pilot randomized studies with new iniciatives as the described by Jolicoer may be a promising pathway when the conditions to launch large RCTs are not possible and in fa...
We have read with great interest the article written by Jolicoer et al. (1) about the concordant domain analysis, a new method to interpret early phase trials and we applaud their initiative which expands the horizons in the current context of progressive diffuculties to ran studies.
Randomized controlled trials (RCT) and meta-analysis constitute the highest level of evidence and the chances to succeed are high when there is a strong financial support to launch projects as Further Cardiovascular Outcomes Research with PCSK9 Inhibition in Subjects with Elevated Risk (FOURIER) with 27,564 patients, which in addition to demonstrate the hypothesis of the study, it ensures the external validity and the study of subgroups.
However, recently we are witnessing a progressively more tortuous environment to launch adequately powered RCTs due to economic restrictions, lower margin to demonstrate cost-effectivity of the new treatments and more strict legal requirements and as the authors quote, only 1 in 10 investigational agents tested in phase III trials reaches the market. Some authors have already raisen concerns about the future of research and the protagonism of new methods as adaptive studies(2) or approaches to emulate RCT (3) are foreseen in the near future.
In our opinion, the combination of pilot randomized studies with new iniciatives as the described by Jolicoer may be a promising pathway when the conditions to launch large RCTs are not possible and in fact, we have recently seen examples of small pilot randomized trials with clinical endpoints published in journals of very high impact factor(4). In this way, our group has recently received financial support from a large company of devices to run a pilot study with 400 patients to explore a research question that requires a large and expensive trial of 2000 patients (ANGiographic Evaluation of Left main coronary INtErvention, ANGELINE, NCT04604197).
In summary, we are assisting to relevant changes in the field of research and although RCTs and meta-analysis will be and will have to be always the first goal, new initiatives as the one that Jolicoer et al. share with us deserve our attention and are very welcome.
REFERENCES
1. Jolicoeur EM, Verheye S, Henry TD et al. A novel method to interpret early phase trials shows how the narrowing of the coronary sinus concordantly improves symptoms, functional status and quality of life in refractory angina. Heart 2021;107:41-46.
2. Rapezzi C, Maggioni AP, Ferrari R. Adapting to survive. Eur Heart J 2020;41:3981-3983.
3. Franklin JM, Patorno E, Desai RJ et al. Emulating Randomized Clinical Trials with Nonrandomized Real-World Evidence Studies: First Results from the RCT DUPLICATE Initiative. Circulation 2020.
4. Yannopoulos D, Bartos J, Raveendran G et al. Advanced reperfusion strategies for patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest and refractory ventricular fibrillation (ARREST): a phase 2, single centre, open-label, randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2020;396:1807-1816.
1Department of Pediatrics, Japan Community Healthcare Organization, Kyushu Hospital, 1-8-1, Kishinuora, Yahatanishiku, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka, 806-8501, Japan
Address correspondence and reprint requests to: Seigo Okada, M.D., Ph.D.
Department of Pediatrics, Japan Community Healthcare Organization, Kyushu Hospital, 1-8-1, Kishinoura, Yahatanishiku, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka, 806-8501, Japan. Tel: 81-93-641-5111; Fax: 81-93-642-1868; E-mail: sokada0901@gmail.com; ORCID: 0000-0002-9150-1913
Dear Editor:
We read the article by Charla et al.1 with great interest. The authors conducted a phase-contrast magnetic resonance study during biphasic ventilation (BPV) in 10 patients aged 20–34 years who had Fontan circulation and 10 matched control subjects. BPV resulted in significant pulmonary blood flow and cardiac output augmentations in the Fontan group, which suggests the importance of “thoracic pump” in Fontan patients without a subpulmonary ventricle. We appreciate the authors’ efforts to assess the efficacy and feasibility of noninvasive external ventilation for Fontan patients. This is a thoughtfully conducted study, but some issues must be further discussed.
First, the authors mentioned that the study was the first to describe the impact of BPV in the Fontan population. However, we...
1Department of Pediatrics, Japan Community Healthcare Organization, Kyushu Hospital, 1-8-1, Kishinuora, Yahatanishiku, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka, 806-8501, Japan
Address correspondence and reprint requests to: Seigo Okada, M.D., Ph.D.
Department of Pediatrics, Japan Community Healthcare Organization, Kyushu Hospital, 1-8-1, Kishinoura, Yahatanishiku, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka, 806-8501, Japan. Tel: 81-93-641-5111; Fax: 81-93-642-1868; E-mail: sokada0901@gmail.com; ORCID: 0000-0002-9150-1913
Dear Editor:
We read the article by Charla et al.1 with great interest. The authors conducted a phase-contrast magnetic resonance study during biphasic ventilation (BPV) in 10 patients aged 20–34 years who had Fontan circulation and 10 matched control subjects. BPV resulted in significant pulmonary blood flow and cardiac output augmentations in the Fontan group, which suggests the importance of “thoracic pump” in Fontan patients without a subpulmonary ventricle. We appreciate the authors’ efforts to assess the efficacy and feasibility of noninvasive external ventilation for Fontan patients. This is a thoughtfully conducted study, but some issues must be further discussed.
First, the authors mentioned that the study was the first to describe the impact of BPV in the Fontan population. However, we previously described the efficacy of BPV for failing Fontan circulation in a 16-year-old male patient with hypoplastic left heart syndrome who presented protein-losing enteropathy and plastic bronchitis (PB).2 He underwent rehabilitation using an RTX respirator (Medivent Ltd., London, UK) with the vibration mode set at −10/+10 cm H2O for 3 minutes, followed by the cough mode set at −9/+18 for 1 minute, three times for 12 minutes per session.3 The brief period of BPV increased the stroke volume without changing the heart rate. After the start of the BPV, the PB, hypoalbuminemia, and congestive symptoms all improved. No signs of recurrent circulatory failure have since been observed. As the management strategy for the complex pathophysiology of Fontan circulation is not yet established, their and our results suggest that BPV can be an effective treatment and preventive rehabilitation for failing Fontan circulation.
Second, several Fontan patients were likely to have no significant pulmonary blood flow and cardiac output augmentations during BPV.1 In the practical setting of BPV, it is important for a cuirass to fit the patient’s chest. Thereby, we wonder whether overweight or obesity is a risk factor of ineffective BPV. Do you have data regarding the relationship between body mass index and augmentation of pulmonary blood flow during BPV in your cohort? Pulmonary arterial size is an important determinant of pulmonary circulation in Fontan patients. A recent report has shown that pulmonary arterial size expressed as Nakata index is an independent predictor of functional clinical status in adult Fontan patients.4 Thus the relationship between pulmonary arterial size and augmentation of pulmonary blood flow during BPV should also be addressed.
1. Charla P, Karur GR, Yamamura K, et al. Augmentation of pulmonary blood flow and cardiac output by non-invasive external ventilation late after Fontan palliation. Heart Published Online First: 06 July 2020. doi: 10.1136/heartjnl-2020-316613
2. Okada S, Muneuchi J, Nagatomo Y, et al. Successful Treatment of Protein-Losing Enteropathy and Plastic Bronchitis by Biphasic Cuirass Ventilation in a Patient with Failing Fontan Circulation. Int Heart J 2018;59:873-6.
3. Pediheart Podcast 49: Surveillance of the Fontan Patient + Novel Ventilation Approaches for the Fontan Patient. Available from: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/pediheart-podcast-49-surveillance-... (accessed July 18, 2020).
4. Ridderbos FS, Bonenkamp BE, Meyer SL, et al. Pulmonary artery size is associated with functional clinical status in the Fontan circulation. Heart 2020;106:233-9.
The soul-searching analysis by Daniel McKenzie deals with the scenario where both the doctor and the patient recognise that something went wrong(1). The dynamics are different when it is only with the benefit of hindsight that it is only the professionals who realise that, all along, they have been inflicting iatrogenic harm on their patients. Even in that scenario what matters is "What will be done to prevent someone else being harmed in the future?".
The thrombolytic treatment of ST elevation myocardial infarction(STEMI) is a case in point. That treatment strategy was initiated in 1986, and it soon became the standard of care for STEMI(2). Further down the line, in September 2020, a literature review identified 138 cases(with accompanying case histories) of dissecting aortic aneurysm(DAA) characterised by STEMI-like ST segment elevation. These cases were published during the period January 2000 to March 2020(3). Arguably, there must have been, at least, the same number of cases of STEMI-like DAA in the 20 year period following the introduction of thrombolytic treatment of ST elevation myocardial infarction. At the very least, some of those cases must have been harmed by thrombolytic treatment.
Why does that matter in September 2020? It matters because thrombolysis is "back on the agenda" for some myocardial infarction patients with ST segment elevation(4). All this, without the precaution to rule out DAA either by point-of-c...
The soul-searching analysis by Daniel McKenzie deals with the scenario where both the doctor and the patient recognise that something went wrong(1). The dynamics are different when it is only with the benefit of hindsight that it is only the professionals who realise that, all along, they have been inflicting iatrogenic harm on their patients. Even in that scenario what matters is "What will be done to prevent someone else being harmed in the future?".
The thrombolytic treatment of ST elevation myocardial infarction(STEMI) is a case in point. That treatment strategy was initiated in 1986, and it soon became the standard of care for STEMI(2). Further down the line, in September 2020, a literature review identified 138 cases(with accompanying case histories) of dissecting aortic aneurysm(DAA) characterised by STEMI-like ST segment elevation. These cases were published during the period January 2000 to March 2020(3). Arguably, there must have been, at least, the same number of cases of STEMI-like DAA in the 20 year period following the introduction of thrombolytic treatment of ST elevation myocardial infarction. At the very least, some of those cases must have been harmed by thrombolytic treatment.
Why does that matter in September 2020? It matters because thrombolysis is "back on the agenda" for some myocardial infarction patients with ST segment elevation(4). All this, without the precaution to rule out DAA either by point-of-care transthoracic echocardiography(TTE) or by transoesophageal echocardiography(TOE). The former is non-invasive but suboptimally sensitive, the latter is invasive but much more sensitive.. To mitigate the suboptimal sensitivity of TTE one strategy would be to maximise the pretest probability of DAA by compiling a risk score which encompasses history of backache(which does not need to have a "rearing" quality), documentation of interarm blood pressure difference, presence of the murmur of aortic regurgitation(optimally detected by the Vivid-7 system; GE Medical, Milwauwkee, Wisconsin, USA)(5), focal neurological symptoms and signs, and mediastinal widening on chest radiography. A high pre-test probability of DAA would be sufficient to invalidate a TTE which had failed to detect stigmata of DAA.
Our patients are not aware of the dynamics that come into play when they present with chest pain and a STEMI-like electrocardiogram. They take everything on trust. It would be unconscionable for us to knowingly put them in the way of iatrogenic harm by not heeding the lessons that can be gleaned from the literature on STEMI-like DAA.
I have no funding, and no conflict of interest.
References
(1) McKenzie D
What to do when things go wrong
Heart 2020;doi.org/10.1136/heartjnl 2020.316539
(2) Van de Werf
The history of coronary reperfusion
Eur Heart J 2014;35:2510-2515
(3) Jolobe OMP
Clinical characteristics in STEMI-like aortic dissection versus STEMI-like pulmonary embolism
Archives of Vascular Medicine 2020;4:019-130
DOI:29328/journal.avm.1001013
(4) Vallabhajosyula S., Verghese D., Subramanian AV et al
Management and outcome of uncomplicated ST segment elevation myocardial infarction patients transferred after fibrinolytic treatment
Int J Cardiol IJCA-28800(Article in Press)
(5)Draper J., Subbiah S., Bailey R., Chambers J
Murmur clinic. Validation of a new model for detecting heart valve disease
Heart 2019;105;56-59
There had been controversies raging whether Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitors and Angiotensin Receptor Blocking Agents may be harmful, neutral or protective to the people affected by SARS-CoV-2.
The findings of this study, especially because it encompasses such huge study population will provide great relief from uncertainty and anxiety to the doctor's prescribing these class of medicines to their hypertensive patients and to the people alrady taking these medicines.
Great many sinceremost thanks to the investigators of this study!
-Arvind Joshi;
MBBS, MD; FCGP, FAMS, FICP;
Founder Convener and President:
Our Own Discussion Group (OODG);
602-C, Megh Apartments;
Ganesh Peth Lane, Dadar West, Mumbai; Maharashtra State,INDIA, PIN 400028;
Consultant Physician at:
Ruchi Clinical Laboratory/Ruchi Diagnostic Center, Sunshine CHS,
Plot 58, Sector 21, Kharghar;
Maharashtra State, INDIA, PIN 410210.
A review of comparative incidence of infective endocarditis in bioprosthetic vs mechanical valves (1) can only be complete if there is a clear statement of the criteria for the diagnosis of infective endocarditis. An important characteristic of prosthetic valve endocarditis is that "the diagnosis[of endocarditis] is more difficult in the presence of a prosthetic valve when compared with a native valve" due to the fact that "the Duke criteria have been shown to be less helpful in prosthetic valve endocarditis because of lower sensitivity in this setting"(2). Furthermore,
the diagnostic accuracy of some imaging modalities is suboptimal in prosthetic valve endocarditis(3). According to the latter review , among patients with suspected prosthetic valve endocarditis sensitivity of transthoracic echocardiography can be as low as 17%-36%. For transoesophageal echocardiography(TOE) that parameter increases to 82-96%, the latter statistic comparable to the sensitivity associated with 18 Fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/CT(PET/CT). Also in the context of prosthetic valve endocarditis, TOE and PET/CT also have comparable specificities in the range 80-96%(3). The major limitation of TOE is that it is invasive and also operator dependent. By contrast PET/CT not only increases the sensitivity of the modified Duke criteria from 70% to 97%(without affecting specificity) but that modality also identifies metastatic septic embol...
A review of comparative incidence of infective endocarditis in bioprosthetic vs mechanical valves (1) can only be complete if there is a clear statement of the criteria for the diagnosis of infective endocarditis. An important characteristic of prosthetic valve endocarditis is that "the diagnosis[of endocarditis] is more difficult in the presence of a prosthetic valve when compared with a native valve" due to the fact that "the Duke criteria have been shown to be less helpful in prosthetic valve endocarditis because of lower sensitivity in this setting"(2). Furthermore,
the diagnostic accuracy of some imaging modalities is suboptimal in prosthetic valve endocarditis(3). According to the latter review , among patients with suspected prosthetic valve endocarditis sensitivity of transthoracic echocardiography can be as low as 17%-36%. For transoesophageal echocardiography(TOE) that parameter increases to 82-96%, the latter statistic comparable to the sensitivity associated with 18 Fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/CT(PET/CT). Also in the context of prosthetic valve endocarditis, TOE and PET/CT also have comparable specificities in the range 80-96%(3). The major limitation of TOE is that it is invasive and also operator dependent. By contrast PET/CT not only increases the sensitivity of the modified Duke criteria from 70% to 97%(without affecting specificity) but that modality also identifies metastatic septic emboli(3). The caveat is that false positives may occur soon after prosthetic valve implantation(due to reactive inflammatory activity) whereas false negatives may be attributable to previous antibiotic therapy or attributable to small vegetations(3). Further support for PET/CT comes from a study of 303 subjects who underwent PET/CT evaluation for suspected aortic valve endocarditis and for suspected infection of ascending aortic prostheses . 141 had bioprosthetic valves, and 10 had mechanical valves. 115 had native valves. The rest had ascending aortic prostheses. Among the 188 with an eventual diagnosis of either prosthetic valve endocarditis or an ascending aortic implant infection the sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values of PET/CT amounted to 93%, 90%, 89%, and 94%, respectively. Among the 115 subjects with native valve endocarditis the corresponding values were 22%, 100%, 100%, and 66%(4).
Fungal endocarditis, for which prosthetic valve implantation is also a risk factor, poses additional challenges because there are no diagnostic criteria specific to fungal endocarditis. Potential imaging modalities in this context include PET/CT, complemented by magnetic resonance imaging of the head in patients who have embolic phenomena, and abdominal computed tomography for suspected intra abdominal emboli(5).
Although it is an important caveat that PET/CT is expensive and not widely available, and that preprocedural fasting and dietary regimes still have to be optimised(6) , the reality is the the use of PET/CT has highlighted the recognition that there is a huge potential for underdiagnosis of prosthetic valve endocarditis with the use of less expensive but more widely available technologies, thereby undermining any attempts to evaluate the prevalence of prosthetic valve endocarditis, let alone its prevalence in subgroups of prosthetic valve recipients.
I have no funding and no conflict of interest
References
(1) Anantha-Naranayan M., Reddy YNV., Sundaram V et al
Endocarditis risk with bioprosthetic and mechanical valves: systematic review and meta-analysis
Heart doi 10.1136/heartjnl-2020-316718
(2)Bruun NE., Habib G., Thuny F., Sogaard P
Cardiac imaging in infectious endocarditis
Eur heart J 2014;35:624-632
(3)Ivanovic B., Trifunovic D., Matic S., et al
Prosthetic valve endocarditis- A trouble or a challenge?
Journal of Cardiology 2019;73:126-133
(4) de Camargo RA., Bitencourt MS., Monaghetti JC et al
The role of 18 Fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography in the diagnosis of left-side endocarditis: native vs prosthetic valves endocarditis
Clinical Infectious Diseases 2020;70:583-595
(5)Pasha A., Lee JZ., Low S-W., et al
Fungal endocarditis : Update on diagnosis and management
Am J Med 2016;129:1037-1043
(6) Sanbuceti G., Morbelli S., Orengo AM., Bauckneht M., Marini C
18F-Fkuorodeoxyglucose imaging of inflammation Ready to represent a stndard in diagnosing endocarditis?
Circ Cardiovasc Imaging 2017;10:e006185
The authors (Nazir et al) of the review of CT fractional flow reserve published in Heart are to be congratulated on very well balanced and well written review of this relatively new technology (1).
We would like to raise a couple of points regarding imaging stress tests functioning as a gatekeeper to invasive coronary angiography after a stenosis is identified on CTCA. A recent survey of UK cardiologists identified imaging stress tests as the most common approach to assess the functional significance of a moderate stenosis (50-70%) on CTCA, with only 2% electing to use CT-FFR (2). The current increase in the use of CT-FFR is because it is nationally funded. Importantly, stress echocardiography is a very low cost test with a national tariff of £177, which compares favourably with the new reduced tariff for CT-FFR of £530. With time, this may be re-balance in favour of CT-FFR if the tariff drops further, particularly given the attraction of a single patient episode and with an anticipated growth of cardiac CT in line with NICE recommendations.
It is important to remind readers that the PLATFORM (3) trial compared CTCA plus CT-FFR versus the standard of care in patients with stable chest pain. The patients were divided into an invasive sub-study (n=380) and a non-invasive sub-study (n=204) and the end point of the study was reduction of invasive coronary angiography that showed no obstructive CAD. In the non-invasive sub-study there was no difference in the r...
The authors (Nazir et al) of the review of CT fractional flow reserve published in Heart are to be congratulated on very well balanced and well written review of this relatively new technology (1).
We would like to raise a couple of points regarding imaging stress tests functioning as a gatekeeper to invasive coronary angiography after a stenosis is identified on CTCA. A recent survey of UK cardiologists identified imaging stress tests as the most common approach to assess the functional significance of a moderate stenosis (50-70%) on CTCA, with only 2% electing to use CT-FFR (2). The current increase in the use of CT-FFR is because it is nationally funded. Importantly, stress echocardiography is a very low cost test with a national tariff of £177, which compares favourably with the new reduced tariff for CT-FFR of £530. With time, this may be re-balance in favour of CT-FFR if the tariff drops further, particularly given the attraction of a single patient episode and with an anticipated growth of cardiac CT in line with NICE recommendations.
It is important to remind readers that the PLATFORM (3) trial compared CTCA plus CT-FFR versus the standard of care in patients with stable chest pain. The patients were divided into an invasive sub-study (n=380) and a non-invasive sub-study (n=204) and the end point of the study was reduction of invasive coronary angiography that showed no obstructive CAD. In the non-invasive sub-study there was no difference in the rate of invasive coronary angiography between imaging stress tests and CTCA plus CT-FFR. In the invasive sub-study, CTCA plus CT-FFR reduced the rate of invasive coronary angiography as only patients found to have significant stenosis on CTCA and positive CT-FFR went on to have an invasive coronary angiogram, while in the invasive arm all patients had to undergo invasive coronary angiogram ± invasive FFR.
Finally, the ISCHAEMIA trial (4) would suggest that following CT assessment of the coronary arteries and exclusion of left main stem disease, further investigation to assess significance of coronary stenoses is not necessarily required should symptoms be controlled on optimal medical therapy.
1. Nazir MS, Mittal TK, Weir-McCall J, et al Opportunities and challenges of implementing computed tomography fractional flow reserve into clinical practice Heart Published Online First: 19 June 2020. doi: 10.1136/heartjnl-2019-315607
2. Fyyaz S, Papachristidis A, Byrne J, Alfakih K. Opinions on the expanding role of CTCA in patients with stable chest pain and beyond: a UK survey. The British Journal of Cardiology. 2018;25:107-9 doi: 10.5837/bjc.2018.019
3. Hlatky MA, De Bruyne B, Pontone G, et al. PLATFORM Investigators. Quality-of-Life and Economic Outcomes of Assessing Fractional Flow Reserve With Computed Tomography Angiography: PLATFORM. J Am Coll Cardiol 2015;66:2315-2323.
4. Maron DJ, Hochman JS, Reynolds HR, Bangalore S, O’Brien SM, Boden WE, et al. Initial Invasive or Conservative Strategy for Stable Coronary Disease. New England Journal of Medicine. 2020.
Release of troponin after exercise stress test in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
Pawel Petkow Dimitrow1, Renata Rajtar-Salwa2, Tomasz Tokarek2
1 2nd Department of Cardiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
2 Department of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, University Hospital, Krakow, Poland
Correspondence to: Paweł Petkow Dimitrow, 2nd Department of Cardiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Jakubowskiego 2 Str., 30-688 Krakow, Poland, e-mail: dimitrow@mp.pl, tel. 0048 12 400 22 50
Recently Cramer et al. demonstrated very important observation on troponin level increase after exercise in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) [1]. Several concerns regarding to methodology of their study should be explained. Authors decided to perform only one measurement of troponin level at 6 hours after end of exercise. In our opinion, sampling after 6, 12, 18 and 24 hours after exercise provide more adequate profile of troponin level and allow to monitor possible post-exercise ischemia. Furthermore, data on prevalence of silent myocardial ischemia (only troponin increase) should be provided. In our study [2] painless ischemia detected by troponin measurement after normal daily physical activity was present in 25% of HCM patients. In another study [3], among HCM patients monitored by HOLTER ECG during normal daily physical activity, maximum heart rate was higher in th...
Release of troponin after exercise stress test in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
Pawel Petkow Dimitrow1, Renata Rajtar-Salwa2, Tomasz Tokarek2
1 2nd Department of Cardiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
2 Department of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, University Hospital, Krakow, Poland
Correspondence to: Paweł Petkow Dimitrow, 2nd Department of Cardiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Jakubowskiego 2 Str., 30-688 Krakow, Poland, e-mail: dimitrow@mp.pl, tel. 0048 12 400 22 50
Recently Cramer et al. demonstrated very important observation on troponin level increase after exercise in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) [1]. Several concerns regarding to methodology of their study should be explained. Authors decided to perform only one measurement of troponin level at 6 hours after end of exercise. In our opinion, sampling after 6, 12, 18 and 24 hours after exercise provide more adequate profile of troponin level and allow to monitor possible post-exercise ischemia. Furthermore, data on prevalence of silent myocardial ischemia (only troponin increase) should be provided. In our study [2] painless ischemia detected by troponin measurement after normal daily physical activity was present in 25% of HCM patients. In another study [3], among HCM patients monitored by HOLTER ECG during normal daily physical activity, maximum heart rate was higher in the troponin positive as compared to troponin negative group (139±9 vs. 125±8 [bpm], p<0.05). Similar association was observed in current exercise study [1]. However, peak exercise left ventricular outflow tract gradient (LVOTG ) was not evaluated [1] despite previously reported association with elevated troponin level [4].
To provide more individualised and comprehensive recommendations with regard to exercise intensity in HCM some additional study should be performed with improved methodology including described above criteria.
References:
1. Cramer GE, Gommans DHF, Dieker H, et al. Exercise and myocardial injury in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Heart Published Online First: 30 January 2020. doi: 10.1136/heartjnl-2019-315818
2. Gębka A, Rajtar-Salwa R, Dziewierz A, Dimitrow P. Painful and painless myocardial ischemia detected by elevated level of high-sensitive troponin in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Adv Interv Cardiol. 2018; 14: 195-198.
3. Hładij R, Rajtar-Salwa R, Petkow Dimitrow P. Associaton of elevated troponin levels with increased heart rate and higher frequency of nonsustained ventricular tachycardia in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Pol Arch Intern Med. 2017; 126: 445-447.
4. Rajtar-Salwa R, Gębka A, Dziewierz A, Dimitrow PP. Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy: The Time-Synchronized Relationship between Ischemia and Left Ventricular Dysfunction Assessed by Highly Sensitive Troponin I and NT-proBNP. Dis Markers. 2019: 6487152.
ACUTE AUTOIMMUNE REACTION: AN OBSCURE MECHANISM OF COVID-19-RELATED MYOCARDIAL INJURY ?
Kenan YALTA, MD a
Ertan YETKIN, MD b
Gokay TAYLAN, MD a
Tulin YALTA, MD c
a Trakya University, Cardiology Department, Edirne, TURKEY
b Istinye University, Liv Hospital, Cardiology Department, Istanbul, TURKEY
c Trakya University, Pathology Department, Edirne, TURKEY
Acute myocardial injury has been suggested as an important prognostic factor in Covid-19 patients (1-3). In their recently published article (1), Wei JF, et al. have demonstrated a significant association of acute myocardial injury (defined as elevation of high sensitive troponin-T (hs-TnT) levels) with older age, pre-existing cardiovascular disease, disease severity (and hence; general frailty) and adverse prognosis in Covid-19 patients . The authors have principally attributed this injury to certain factors including systemic inflammation, hypoxemia and direct myocardial invasion by the viral agent (1). However, as described below, an acute autoimmune reaction triggered by the virus might also be considered as an alternative mechanism of myocardial injury par...
ACUTE AUTOIMMUNE REACTION: AN OBSCURE MECHANISM OF COVID-19-RELATED MYOCARDIAL INJURY ?
Kenan YALTA, MD a
Ertan YETKIN, MD b
Gokay TAYLAN, MD a
Tulin YALTA, MD c
a Trakya University, Cardiology Department, Edirne, TURKEY
b Istinye University, Liv Hospital, Cardiology Department, Istanbul, TURKEY
c Trakya University, Pathology Department, Edirne, TURKEY
Acute myocardial injury has been suggested as an important prognostic factor in Covid-19 patients (1-3). In their recently published article (1), Wei JF, et al. have demonstrated a significant association of acute myocardial injury (defined as elevation of high sensitive troponin-T (hs-TnT) levels) with older age, pre-existing cardiovascular disease, disease severity (and hence; general frailty) and adverse prognosis in Covid-19 patients . The authors have principally attributed this injury to certain factors including systemic inflammation, hypoxemia and direct myocardial invasion by the viral agent (1). However, as described below, an acute autoimmune reaction triggered by the virus might also be considered as an alternative mechanism of myocardial injury particularly in a specific subgroup of Covid-19 patients, and might have potential implications:
Firstly; autoimmune myocardial injury in Covid-19 patients might, paradoxically, be considered as a sign of immunocompetence, and might more likely emerge in apparently healthy and relatively young patients, yet; with a genetic propensity for autoimmune diseases. Moreover, occurence of this phenomenon might not necessarilly be associated with pulmonary disease severity as well. Within this context, potential autoimmune reaction in Covid-19 patients might be susbstantiated by a recent report suggesting a potential link between covid-19 infection and Kawasaki disease (KD) (4) (a multisystemic disease renowned for its genetic and potentially autoimmune basis (5)). Moreover, autoimmunity was recently suggested to account for the evolution of interstitial pneumonia in genetically susceptible covid-19 patients (6). Accordingly, we would like to have information regarding co-existing autoimmune diseases (that might create a proclivity for autoimmune myocardial injury) particularly in those with elevated hs-TnT in the study (1)
Secondly; covid-19-related autoimmune myocardial injury might be due to a variety of molecular mechanisms (including cross reaction, bystander activation, etc. in genetically susceptible subjects (7)), and might be expected to arise particularly during the late course or even after convalescence period of the infection. Importantly, this autoimmune reaction should not be confused with another late presenting phenomenon namely ‘cytokine release syndrome’ (CRS) (2,3) that is well known to arise more likely in fragile subjects (with a deficiency of early cellular immune response to combat the virus), and has a poor prognosis. Accordingly, we wonder whether there were very late presentations of acute myocardial injury (suggestive of an autoimmune reaction) in the study (1).
Thirdly; the degree and extent of autoimmune reaction, if any, to the viral pathogen (possibly also involving other organ systems including vascular structures, etc.) might exclusively determine the prognosis in Covid-19 cases with minimal or no pulmonary findings. In particular, myocardial involvement might be expected to be transient and mild (as analogous to the setting of other acute autoimmune conditions including KD (5)). However, certain immunomodulatory strategies (similar to those in KD (5)) might speed up myocardial recovery, and might improve the prognosis in particular cases suffering acute heart failure.
In summary, autoimmune myocardial injury in covid-19 patients might serve as an important; yet overlooked mechanism of elevated cardiac biomarkers , particularly in apparently healthy and robust subjects regardless of their pulmonary disease severity. However, further implications of this phenomenon still needs to be established in the clinical setting.
Conflict of Interest: None
REFERENCES:
1- Wei JF, Huang FY, Xiong TY, et al. Acute myocardial injury is common in patients with covid-19 and impairs their prognosis. Heart. 2020 Apr 30. pii: heartjnl-2020-317007. doi: 10.1136/heartjnl-2020-317007. [Epub ahead of print].
2- Cheng R, Leedy D. COVID-19 and acute myocardial injury: the heart of the matter or an innocent bystander ? Heart. 2020 Apr 30. pii: heartjnl-2020-317025. doi: 10.1136/heartjnl-2020-317025. [Epub ahead of print].
3- Kang Y, Chen T, Mui D, et al. Cardiovascular manifestations and treatment considerations in covid-19. Heart. 2020 Apr 30. pii: heartjnl-2020-317056. doi: 10.1136/heartjnl-2020-317056. [Epub ahead of print].
4- Jones VG, Mills M, Suarez D, et al. COVID-19 and Kawasaki disease: Novel virus and novel case. Hosp Pediatr. doi.10.1542/hpeds.2020-0123
5- McCrindle BW, Rowley AH, Newburger JW, et al. American Heart Association Rheumatic Fever, Endocarditis, and Kawasaki Disease Committee of the Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young; Council on Cardiovascular and Stroke Nursing; Council on Cardiovascular Surgery and Anesthesia; and Council on Epidemiology and Prevention. Diagnosis, Treatment, and Long-Term Management of Kawasaki Disease: A Scientific Statement for Health Professionals From the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2017; 135(17): e927-e999.
6- Caso F, Costa L, Ruscitti P , et al. Could Sars-coronavirus-2 trigger autoimmune and/or autoinflammatory mechanisms in genetically predisposed subjects? Autoimmun Rev. 2020 May;19(5):102524. doi: 10.1016/j.autrev.2020.102524. Epub 2020 Mar 24.
7- Smatti MK, Cyprian FS, Nasrallah GK, et al. Viruses and Autoimmunity: A Review on the Potential Interaction and Molecular Mechanisms. Viruses. 2019 Aug 19;11(8). pii: E762. doi: 10.3390/v11080762.
For the sake of completeness, the approach to narrow complex tachycardia(1), and the differential diagnosis of that disorder, should also include the entity of fascicular ventricular tachycardia, in which the duration of the QRS complex does not exceed 120 ms during ventricular tachycardia(VT)(2)(3). There are 3 subtypes, namely, left posterior fascicular VT with right bundle branch(RBBB) morphology and left axis deviation, left anterior fascicular VT with RBBB pattern and right axis deviation, and upper septal fascicular VT with a narrow QRS and normal axis configuration(2).
Talib et al evaluated 10 patients aged 14-66 with upper septal ventricular tachycardia in whom there was no structural heart disease, and in whom the QRS duration amounted to < 120 ms during VT. In 8 instances VT could be terminated by administration of verapamil. In the other 2 instances no attempt had been made to terminate the episodes of VT with that drug. In the verapamil-responsive subjects, the episodes of VT were characterised by QRS duration amounting to 75 ms, 90 ms(two patients), 93 ms, 96 ms, 105 ms, 115 ms, and 118 ms, respectively. In 4 patients precordial QRS configuration during VT was identical to QRS configuration during sinus rhythm. In the other four, QRS configuration was of the RBBB subtype during VT(3).
Narrow complex VT can also be a manifestation of coronary artery disease, but, in this context, there appears to be no involvement of the His-Purki...
For the sake of completeness, the approach to narrow complex tachycardia(1), and the differential diagnosis of that disorder, should also include the entity of fascicular ventricular tachycardia, in which the duration of the QRS complex does not exceed 120 ms during ventricular tachycardia(VT)(2)(3). There are 3 subtypes, namely, left posterior fascicular VT with right bundle branch(RBBB) morphology and left axis deviation, left anterior fascicular VT with RBBB pattern and right axis deviation, and upper septal fascicular VT with a narrow QRS and normal axis configuration(2).
Talib et al evaluated 10 patients aged 14-66 with upper septal ventricular tachycardia in whom there was no structural heart disease, and in whom the QRS duration amounted to < 120 ms during VT. In 8 instances VT could be terminated by administration of verapamil. In the other 2 instances no attempt had been made to terminate the episodes of VT with that drug. In the verapamil-responsive subjects, the episodes of VT were characterised by QRS duration amounting to 75 ms, 90 ms(two patients), 93 ms, 96 ms, 105 ms, 115 ms, and 118 ms, respectively. In 4 patients precordial QRS configuration during VT was identical to QRS configuration during sinus rhythm. In the other four, QRS configuration was of the RBBB subtype during VT(3).
Narrow complex VT can also be a manifestation of coronary artery disease, but, in this context, there appears to be no involvement of the His-Purkinje system, although the underlying mechanism has yet to be fully elucidated(4). In the latter example, a 54 year old man had a previous history of ST segment inferior myocardial infarction characterised by right coronary artery occlusion. One month later he experienced an episode of tachycardia (ventricular rate 140 beats/min) characterised by QRS duration amounting to 120 ms and atrioventricular dissociation(4).
Of all the patients with narrow complex VT the ones most likely to be confused with supraventricular tachycardia are the ones described by Talib et al, in whom QRS duration amounted to < 120 ms during VT. In some of those patients diagnostic confusion would have been compounded by the fact that QRS configuration was the same during sinus rhythm and VT. In those with RBBB during VT a potential diagnostic trap would be attribution of RBBB to rate-dependent aberrant conduction.
I have no funding and no conflict of interest
References
(1)Shah RL., Badhwar N
Approach to narrow complex tachycardia: non-invasive guide to interpretation and management
Heart 2020;106:772-783
((2)Ramprakash B., Jaishankar S., Rao H., Narasimhan C
Catheter ablation of fascicular ventricular tachycardia
Indian Journal Pacing and Electrophysiology www.ipej.org 193-201
(3)Talib AK., Nogami A., Nishiuchi S et al
Verapamil-sensitive upper septal idiopathjic left ventricular tachycardia
JACC;Clinical Electrophysiology 2015;1:369-380
(4)Sakamoto T., Fujiki A., Nakatani Y. et al
Narrow QRS ventricular tachycardia from the posterior mitral annulus without involvement of the His-Purkinje system in a patient with prior inferior myocardial infarction
Heart Vessels 2010;25;170-173
The benefits of regular exercise are non deniable with reduction in all cause, cardiovascular and cancer mortality (1,2,3). Endurance exercise with increase in cardiac output results in dilatation of left ventricular cavity size and eccentric hypertrophy with low normal ejection fraction that is a dilated cardiomyopathy phenocopy. The ability to distinguish true pathology from physiological remodelling remains a difficult area for cardiologists. Frequently asymptomatic athletic individuals are referred to the cardiology service with abnormal resting 12 lead ECGs. They must be appropriately investigated. The dimema for the investigating cardiologist is to determine the healthy athlete from the athlete with DCM. An erroneous diagnosis of DCM in an athlete may lead to unnecessary disqualification from sport, unnecessary pharmacotherapy and a decline in physical and psychological well being as well as implications for life insurance. Millar et al study adds vital information to the field (4). It is reassuring that the study reported that none of the athletes with a physiologically increased LV size and borderline or low resting LV ejection fraction (grey-zone participants) had replacement fibrosis of the left ventricular myocardium on cardiac MRI. In addition, the authors have reported that functional assessment of the heart by stress echocardiography can discriminate between DCM and DCM phenocopy with high sensitivity and specificity. This study will likely be a game...
The benefits of regular exercise are non deniable with reduction in all cause, cardiovascular and cancer mortality (1,2,3). Endurance exercise with increase in cardiac output results in dilatation of left ventricular cavity size and eccentric hypertrophy with low normal ejection fraction that is a dilated cardiomyopathy phenocopy. The ability to distinguish true pathology from physiological remodelling remains a difficult area for cardiologists. Frequently asymptomatic athletic individuals are referred to the cardiology service with abnormal resting 12 lead ECGs. They must be appropriately investigated. The dimema for the investigating cardiologist is to determine the healthy athlete from the athlete with DCM. An erroneous diagnosis of DCM in an athlete may lead to unnecessary disqualification from sport, unnecessary pharmacotherapy and a decline in physical and psychological well being as well as implications for life insurance. Millar et al study adds vital information to the field (4). It is reassuring that the study reported that none of the athletes with a physiologically increased LV size and borderline or low resting LV ejection fraction (grey-zone participants) had replacement fibrosis of the left ventricular myocardium on cardiac MRI. In addition, the authors have reported that functional assessment of the heart by stress echocardiography can discriminate between DCM and DCM phenocopy with high sensitivity and specificity. This study will likely be a game changer in the investigation of athletic remodelling and may reduce the requirement to ask athletic individuals to decondition and refrain from their sport.
1. Parry-Williams, G., Sharma, S. The effects of endurance exercise on the heart: panacea or poison?. Nat Rev Cardiol 17, 402–412 (2020).
2. Fiuza-Luces, C. et al. Exercise benefits in cardiovascular disease: beyond attenuation of traditional risk factors. Nat. Rev. Cardiol. 15, 731–743 (2018).
3. Pedisic, Z. et al. Is running associated with a lower risk of all-cause, cardiovascular and cancer mortality, and is the more the better? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Br. J. Sports Med.
4.Millar LM, Fanton Z, Finocchiaro G, et al Differentiation between athlete’s heart and dilated cardiomyopathy in athletic individuals Heart 2020;106:1059-1065.
We have read with great interest the article written by Jolicoer et al. (1) about the concordant domain analysis, a new method to interpret early phase trials and we applaud their initiative which expands the horizons in the current context of progressive diffuculties to ran studies.
Show MoreRandomized controlled trials (RCT) and meta-analysis constitute the highest level of evidence and the chances to succeed are high when there is a strong financial support to launch projects as Further Cardiovascular Outcomes Research with PCSK9 Inhibition in Subjects with Elevated Risk (FOURIER) with 27,564 patients, which in addition to demonstrate the hypothesis of the study, it ensures the external validity and the study of subgroups.
However, recently we are witnessing a progressively more tortuous environment to launch adequately powered RCTs due to economic restrictions, lower margin to demonstrate cost-effectivity of the new treatments and more strict legal requirements and as the authors quote, only 1 in 10 investigational agents tested in phase III trials reaches the market. Some authors have already raisen concerns about the future of research and the protagonism of new methods as adaptive studies(2) or approaches to emulate RCT (3) are foreseen in the near future.
In our opinion, the combination of pilot randomized studies with new iniciatives as the described by Jolicoer may be a promising pathway when the conditions to launch large RCTs are not possible and in fa...
Biphasic ventilation for failing Fontan physiology
Seigo Okada1, MD, PhD, Jun Muneuchi1, MD, PhD, Mamie Watanabe1, MD
1Department of Pediatrics, Japan Community Healthcare Organization, Kyushu Hospital, 1-8-1, Kishinuora, Yahatanishiku, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka, 806-8501, Japan
Address correspondence and reprint requests to: Seigo Okada, M.D., Ph.D.
Department of Pediatrics, Japan Community Healthcare Organization, Kyushu Hospital, 1-8-1, Kishinoura, Yahatanishiku, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka, 806-8501, Japan. Tel: 81-93-641-5111; Fax: 81-93-642-1868; E-mail: sokada0901@gmail.com; ORCID: 0000-0002-9150-1913
Dear Editor:
Show MoreWe read the article by Charla et al.1 with great interest. The authors conducted a phase-contrast magnetic resonance study during biphasic ventilation (BPV) in 10 patients aged 20–34 years who had Fontan circulation and 10 matched control subjects. BPV resulted in significant pulmonary blood flow and cardiac output augmentations in the Fontan group, which suggests the importance of “thoracic pump” in Fontan patients without a subpulmonary ventricle. We appreciate the authors’ efforts to assess the efficacy and feasibility of noninvasive external ventilation for Fontan patients. This is a thoughtfully conducted study, but some issues must be further discussed.
First, the authors mentioned that the study was the first to describe the impact of BPV in the Fontan population. However, we...
The soul-searching analysis by Daniel McKenzie deals with the scenario where both the doctor and the patient recognise that something went wrong(1). The dynamics are different when it is only with the benefit of hindsight that it is only the professionals who realise that, all along, they have been inflicting iatrogenic harm on their patients. Even in that scenario what matters is "What will be done to prevent someone else being harmed in the future?".
Show MoreThe thrombolytic treatment of ST elevation myocardial infarction(STEMI) is a case in point. That treatment strategy was initiated in 1986, and it soon became the standard of care for STEMI(2). Further down the line, in September 2020, a literature review identified 138 cases(with accompanying case histories) of dissecting aortic aneurysm(DAA) characterised by STEMI-like ST segment elevation. These cases were published during the period January 2000 to March 2020(3). Arguably, there must have been, at least, the same number of cases of STEMI-like DAA in the 20 year period following the introduction of thrombolytic treatment of ST elevation myocardial infarction. At the very least, some of those cases must have been harmed by thrombolytic treatment.
Why does that matter in September 2020? It matters because thrombolysis is "back on the agenda" for some myocardial infarction patients with ST segment elevation(4). All this, without the precaution to rule out DAA either by point-of-c...
There had been controversies raging whether Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitors and Angiotensin Receptor Blocking Agents may be harmful, neutral or protective to the people affected by SARS-CoV-2.
The findings of this study, especially because it encompasses such huge study population will provide great relief from uncertainty and anxiety to the doctor's prescribing these class of medicines to their hypertensive patients and to the people alrady taking these medicines.
Great many sinceremost thanks to the investigators of this study!
-Arvind Joshi;
MBBS, MD; FCGP, FAMS, FICP;
Founder Convener and President:
Our Own Discussion Group (OODG);
602-C, Megh Apartments;
Ganesh Peth Lane, Dadar West, Mumbai; Maharashtra State,INDIA, PIN 400028;
Consultant Physician at:
Ruchi Clinical Laboratory/Ruchi Diagnostic Center, Sunshine CHS,
Plot 58, Sector 21, Kharghar;
Maharashtra State, INDIA, PIN 410210.
A review of comparative incidence of infective endocarditis in bioprosthetic vs mechanical valves (1) can only be complete if there is a clear statement of the criteria for the diagnosis of infective endocarditis. An important characteristic of prosthetic valve endocarditis is that "the diagnosis[of endocarditis] is more difficult in the presence of a prosthetic valve when compared with a native valve" due to the fact that "the Duke criteria have been shown to be less helpful in prosthetic valve endocarditis because of lower sensitivity in this setting"(2). Furthermore,
Show Morethe diagnostic accuracy of some imaging modalities is suboptimal in prosthetic valve endocarditis(3). According to the latter review , among patients with suspected prosthetic valve endocarditis sensitivity of transthoracic echocardiography can be as low as 17%-36%. For transoesophageal echocardiography(TOE) that parameter increases to 82-96%, the latter statistic comparable to the sensitivity associated with 18 Fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/CT(PET/CT). Also in the context of prosthetic valve endocarditis, TOE and PET/CT also have comparable specificities in the range 80-96%(3). The major limitation of TOE is that it is invasive and also operator dependent. By contrast PET/CT not only increases the sensitivity of the modified Duke criteria from 70% to 97%(without affecting specificity) but that modality also identifies metastatic septic embol...
The authors (Nazir et al) of the review of CT fractional flow reserve published in Heart are to be congratulated on very well balanced and well written review of this relatively new technology (1).
We would like to raise a couple of points regarding imaging stress tests functioning as a gatekeeper to invasive coronary angiography after a stenosis is identified on CTCA. A recent survey of UK cardiologists identified imaging stress tests as the most common approach to assess the functional significance of a moderate stenosis (50-70%) on CTCA, with only 2% electing to use CT-FFR (2). The current increase in the use of CT-FFR is because it is nationally funded. Importantly, stress echocardiography is a very low cost test with a national tariff of £177, which compares favourably with the new reduced tariff for CT-FFR of £530. With time, this may be re-balance in favour of CT-FFR if the tariff drops further, particularly given the attraction of a single patient episode and with an anticipated growth of cardiac CT in line with NICE recommendations.
It is important to remind readers that the PLATFORM (3) trial compared CTCA plus CT-FFR versus the standard of care in patients with stable chest pain. The patients were divided into an invasive sub-study (n=380) and a non-invasive sub-study (n=204) and the end point of the study was reduction of invasive coronary angiography that showed no obstructive CAD. In the non-invasive sub-study there was no difference in the r...
Show MoreRelease of troponin after exercise stress test in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
Pawel Petkow Dimitrow1, Renata Rajtar-Salwa2, Tomasz Tokarek2
1 2nd Department of Cardiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
2 Department of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, University Hospital, Krakow, Poland
Correspondence to: Paweł Petkow Dimitrow, 2nd Department of Cardiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Jakubowskiego 2 Str., 30-688 Krakow, Poland, e-mail: dimitrow@mp.pl, tel. 0048 12 400 22 50
Recently Cramer et al. demonstrated very important observation on troponin level increase after exercise in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) [1]. Several concerns regarding to methodology of their study should be explained. Authors decided to perform only one measurement of troponin level at 6 hours after end of exercise. In our opinion, sampling after 6, 12, 18 and 24 hours after exercise provide more adequate profile of troponin level and allow to monitor possible post-exercise ischemia. Furthermore, data on prevalence of silent myocardial ischemia (only troponin increase) should be provided. In our study [2] painless ischemia detected by troponin measurement after normal daily physical activity was present in 25% of HCM patients. In another study [3], among HCM patients monitored by HOLTER ECG during normal daily physical activity, maximum heart rate was higher in th...
Show MoreACUTE AUTOIMMUNE REACTION: AN OBSCURE MECHANISM OF COVID-19-RELATED MYOCARDIAL INJURY ?
Kenan YALTA, MD a
Ertan YETKIN, MD b
Gokay TAYLAN, MD a
Tulin YALTA, MD c
a Trakya University, Cardiology Department, Edirne, TURKEY
b Istinye University, Liv Hospital, Cardiology Department, Istanbul, TURKEY
c Trakya University, Pathology Department, Edirne, TURKEY
Corresponding Author: Kenan YALTA Trakya University, Cardiology Department, Edirne, TURKEY
Email- kyalta@gmail.com, akenanyalta@trakya.edu.tr Phone: 00905056579856
Acute myocardial injury has been suggested as an important prognostic factor in Covid-19 patients (1-3). In their recently published article (1), Wei JF, et al. have demonstrated a significant association of acute myocardial injury (defined as elevation of high sensitive troponin-T (hs-TnT) levels) with older age, pre-existing cardiovascular disease, disease severity (and hence; general frailty) and adverse prognosis in Covid-19 patients . The authors have principally attributed this injury to certain factors including systemic inflammation, hypoxemia and direct myocardial invasion by the viral agent (1). However, as described below, an acute autoimmune reaction triggered by the virus might also be considered as an alternative mechanism of myocardial injury par...
Show MoreFor the sake of completeness, the approach to narrow complex tachycardia(1), and the differential diagnosis of that disorder, should also include the entity of fascicular ventricular tachycardia, in which the duration of the QRS complex does not exceed 120 ms during ventricular tachycardia(VT)(2)(3). There are 3 subtypes, namely, left posterior fascicular VT with right bundle branch(RBBB) morphology and left axis deviation, left anterior fascicular VT with RBBB pattern and right axis deviation, and upper septal fascicular VT with a narrow QRS and normal axis configuration(2).
Show MoreTalib et al evaluated 10 patients aged 14-66 with upper septal ventricular tachycardia in whom there was no structural heart disease, and in whom the QRS duration amounted to < 120 ms during VT. In 8 instances VT could be terminated by administration of verapamil. In the other 2 instances no attempt had been made to terminate the episodes of VT with that drug. In the verapamil-responsive subjects, the episodes of VT were characterised by QRS duration amounting to 75 ms, 90 ms(two patients), 93 ms, 96 ms, 105 ms, 115 ms, and 118 ms, respectively. In 4 patients precordial QRS configuration during VT was identical to QRS configuration during sinus rhythm. In the other four, QRS configuration was of the RBBB subtype during VT(3).
Narrow complex VT can also be a manifestation of coronary artery disease, but, in this context, there appears to be no involvement of the His-Purki...
The benefits of regular exercise are non deniable with reduction in all cause, cardiovascular and cancer mortality (1,2,3). Endurance exercise with increase in cardiac output results in dilatation of left ventricular cavity size and eccentric hypertrophy with low normal ejection fraction that is a dilated cardiomyopathy phenocopy. The ability to distinguish true pathology from physiological remodelling remains a difficult area for cardiologists. Frequently asymptomatic athletic individuals are referred to the cardiology service with abnormal resting 12 lead ECGs. They must be appropriately investigated. The dimema for the investigating cardiologist is to determine the healthy athlete from the athlete with DCM. An erroneous diagnosis of DCM in an athlete may lead to unnecessary disqualification from sport, unnecessary pharmacotherapy and a decline in physical and psychological well being as well as implications for life insurance. Millar et al study adds vital information to the field (4). It is reassuring that the study reported that none of the athletes with a physiologically increased LV size and borderline or low resting LV ejection fraction (grey-zone participants) had replacement fibrosis of the left ventricular myocardium on cardiac MRI. In addition, the authors have reported that functional assessment of the heart by stress echocardiography can discriminate between DCM and DCM phenocopy with high sensitivity and specificity. This study will likely be a game...
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