RT Journal Article
SR Electronic
T1 Habitual tub bathing and risks of incident coronary heart disease and stroke
JF Heart
JO Heart
FD BMJ Publishing Group Ltd and British Cardiovascular Society
SP 732
OP 737
DO 10.1136/heartjnl-2019-315752
VO 106
IS 10
A1 Tomohiko Ukai
A1 Hiroyasu Iso
A1 Kazumasa Yamagishi
A1 Isao Saito
A1 Yoshihiro Kokubo
A1 Hiroshi Yatsuya
A1 Isao Muraki
A1 Ehab S Eshak
A1 Norie Sawada
A1 Shoichiro Tsugane
YR 2020
UL http://heart.bmj.com/content/106/10/732.abstract
AB Objective Tub bathing is considered to have a preventive effect against cardiovascular disease (CVD) by improving haemodynamic function. However, no prospective studies have investigated the long-term effects of tub bathing with regard to CVD risk.Methods A total of 30 076 participants aged 40–59 years with no history of CVD or cancer were followed up from 1990 to 2009. Participants were classified by bathing frequency: zero to two times/week, three to four times/week and almost every day. The HRs of incident CVD were estimated using Cox proportional hazards models after adjusting for traditional CVD risk factors and selected dietary factors.Results During 538 373 person-years of follow-up, we documented a total of 2097 incident cases of CVD, comprising 328 coronary heart diseases (CHDs) (275 myocardial infarctions and 53 sudden cardiac deaths) and 1769 strokes (991 cerebral infarctions, 510 intracerebral haemorrhages, 255 subarachnoid haemorrhages and 13 unclassified strokes). The multivariable HRs (95% CIs) for almost daily or every day versus zero to two times/week were 0.72 (0.62 to 0.84, trend p<0.001) for total CVD; 0.65 (0.45 to 0.94, trend p=0.065) for CHD; 0.74 (0.62 to 0.87, trend p=0.005) for total stroke; 0.77 (0.62 to 0.97, trend p=0.467) for cerebral infarction; and 0.54 (0.40 to 0.73, trend p<0.001) for intracerebral haemorrhage. No associations were observed between tub bathing frequency and risk of sudden cardiac death or subarachnoid haemorrhage.Conclusion The frequency of tub bathing was inversely associated with the risk of CVD among middle-aged Japanese.