Clinical characteristics and treatment of heart failure in large (n >1000) trials, epidemiological prevalence studies, studies using hospital discharge records, and surveys conducted predominantly in Europe
| ATLAS43 | RALES44 | CIBIS-II45 | MERIT46 | COPERNICUS47 | Val-HeFT48 | Scotland23 | England21 | Netherlands49–50 | SHIPS24 | IMPROVEMENT-HF | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ACE, angiotensin converting enzyme; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker; CCB, calcium channel blocker; Cr, creatinine; DCM, dilated cardiomyopathy; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; IHD, ischaemic heart disease; LVDD, left ventricular diastolic dysfunction; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction <35%; LVSD, left ventricular systolic dysfunction; NA, not available; NYHA, New York Heart Association; SBP, systolic blood pressure. | |||||||||||
| *Type II diabetes only; †patients with symptomatic LVSD with LVEF <30. | |||||||||||
| Recruitment year | 1992-4 | 1995-6 | 1997-8 | 1997-98 | 1997-2000 | 1997-98 | 1994-6 | 1995-9 | 1990-93 | 1992 | 1998-9 |
| Predominant NYHA | III | III/IV | III | II/III | III/IV | II | NA | NA | NA | NA | II/III |
| Number | 3164 | 1663 | 2647 | 3991 | 2289 | 5010 | 22† | 92 | 181 | 12640 | 11062 |
| Age (years) | 64 | 65 | 61 | 64 | 63 | 63 | NA | 73 | 77 | 74 | 70 |
| Female (%) | 21 | 27 | 20 | 23 | 21 | 20 | ∼50 | 36 | 60 | 54 | 45 |
| LVSD (%) | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 41 | 29 | NA | 51 |
| LVDD (%) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | NA | 33 | 71 | NA | NA |
| LVEF (%) | 23 | 25 | 28 | 28 | 20 | 27 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Hypertension (%) | 20 | NA | NA | 44 | NA | 7 | 80 | 39 | 34 | 13 | 48 |
| Diabetes (%) | 20 | NA | 12* | 25 | NA | NA | NA | 13 | 18 | 12 | 18 |
| Atrial fibrillation (%) | 18 | NA | 20 | NA | NA | 12 | NA | 36 | 21 | 20 | 22 |
| IHD (%) | 64 | 55 | 50 | 66 | 67 | 57 | 95 | >41 | NA | 58 | 57 |
| Prior MI | 55 | NA | NA | 49 | NA | NA | 50 | NA | 49 | 32 | 34 |
| Valve disease (%) | 6 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 25 | 32 | NA | 9 | 14 |
| DCM (%) | 21 | NA | 12 | NA | NA | 31 | 0 | NA | NA | NA | 6 |
| Serum Cr (μmol/l) | 117 | 106 | NA | NA | 134 | NA | NA | NA | 95 | NA | NA |
| SBP (mm Hg) | 126 | 122 | 130 | 130 | 123 | 124 | NA | 153 | 133 | NA | 140 |
| DBP (mm Hg) | 77 | 75 | 80 | 78 | 76 | 76 | NA | 86 | 70 | NA | 81 |
| Diuretics (%) | 99 | 100 | 99 | 91 | 99 | 86 | NA | 53 | NA | NA | 68 |
| Digoxin (%) | 67 | 74 | 52 | 64 | 66 | 67 | NA | 26 | NA | NA | 36 |
| ACE inhibitors (%) | 88 | 95 | 96 | 90 | 97 | 93 | NA | 30 | NA | NA | 60 |
| ARBs (%) | NA | NA | NA | 7 | 0 | NA | NA | NA | NA | 5 | |
| β Blockers (%) | 11 | 11 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 36 | NA | 11 | NA | NA | 34 |
| Spironolactone (%) | NA | 0 | 10 | 8 | 20 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 12 |
| Nitrates (%) | 43 | NA | 58 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| CCBs (%) | 12 | NA | 2 | NA | NA | NA | NA | 27 | NA | NA | NA |
| Amiodarone (%) | 9 | NA | 15 | NA | 18 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Anticoagulants (%) | 37 | NA | 31 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Aspirin (%) | 41 | 37 | 41 | 46 | NA | NA | NA | 37 | NA | NA | NA |
| Statins (%) | NA | NA | NA | 26 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |