Table 5

Determinants of mortality in heart failure

DeterminantLee (1986)14Middlekauff (1991)13Parameshwar (1992)15 †Scrutinio (1994)5Chin (1997)1Aaronson (1997)7Cowie (2000)2Zugck (2001)6Jiang (2001)8Present study
+, Associated with higher mortality in multivariate analysis; 0, no association in multivariate analysis; NR, not reported.
†Combined end point of death or transplantation.
BMI, body mass index; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; NYHA, New York Heart Association.
Age+NR0000+NR+0
DepressionNRNRNRNRNRNRNRNR+NR
CrepitationsNRNRNRNRNRNR+NRNRNR
Heart rate0NRNRNRNR+0+NR0
Intraventricular conduction delayNRNRNRNRNR+NR+NRNR
Non-sinus rhythmNR+NRNR+00NRNR0
Lower LVEF++++NR+0+0NR
Lower serum sodium+++NR0+0+NR0
Higher serum bilirubin+NRNRNRNRNRNRNRNRNR
Lower (systolic) blood pressureNRNRNRNR+++NRNR+
Higher mean arterial pressure0+NRNRNR+NR+NRNR
Myocardial infarction or ischaemiaNR+0+0+0++0
Higher NYHA classNRNRNR+NR00NR++
Lower peak oxygen uptakeNRNR+0NR+NR+NRNR
Six minute walking testNRNRNRNRNRNRNR+NRNR
Impaired renal function+NR0NR00+NRNR+
Systolic dysfunctionNRNRNRNRNRNR0NRNRNR
DiabetesNRNRNRNR+0NRNRNR+
Lower body weight or BMINRNRNRNRNR0NRNRNR+
Ankle oedemaNRNRNRNRNRNR0NRNR+
Absence of use of β blockersNRNRNRNRNRNRNRNRNR+