Table 1

Epidemiologic studies comparing diabetics without prior myocardial infarction (MI) or coronary heart disease (CHD) with non-diabetics with MI or CHD

Study author Design	n D− MI+ v n D+ MI− % female DM type	Mean age DM duration Follow up	CV events DM− MI+ v DM+ MI−	Total mortality CV mortality DM− MI+ v DM+ MI−	Comments
CHD, any manifestation of coronary heart disease; CV, cardiovascular; CVD, history of any of the following: acute MI, CABG, PCI, stroke, intermittent claudication, or use of nitrates; DM, diabetes mellitus; D+, diabetic patients; D−, non-diabetic patients; F, female; HR, hazard ratio; M, male; MI, myocardial infarction; NR, not reported; RR, risk ratio; *RR or HR in comparison with D− CHD− or MI− or CVD−.
Haffner 1998, Register Finnish⁶	69 v 890	58 years	Incidence of MI	CV mortality 15.9% v 15.4%, p<0.001	Lack of power to detect differences between the two groups
	45% F	8 years	18.8% v 20.2%, p<0.001	CV mortality 15.9% v 15.4%, p<0.001
	Type 2 DM	1982–1990	Incidence of stroke 7.2% v 10.3%, p<0.001	HR for mortality 1.2 (95% CI 0.6 to 2.4), p = 0.5 between D+ v D−
Simons 1998, Prospective Australia⁷	478 v 130	70 years	Incidence of CHD	NR
	48% F	NR	52.7% v 31.5%, p NR
	Type 1 + 2 DM	8.2 years	HR 0.67 (95% CI 0.46 to 0.97), p<0.04, D+ CHD− v D− CHD+
Hu 2001, Prospective USA⁸	1302 v 3705	62 years	NR	Total mortality RR* 2.58 v 2.44	Women who were D+ >15 years were similar with prior CHD
	100% nurses	NR		CV mortality RR* 7.46 v 4.86
	Type 2 DM	1976–1996		Fatal CHD RR* 10.7 v 5.65

Lotufo 2001, Prospective PHS,USA⁹	5906 v 2317	62 years	NR	Total mortality RR* 2.2 v 2.3	DM+ CHD+ identifies a high risk group
	100% M	NR		CHD mortality RR* 5.6 v 3.3
	Type DM NR	5 years		CHD mortality RR* 5.6 v 3.3

Evans 2002 Transversal cohort studies Scotland¹⁰	Transversal	57 years	Hospitalisation for MI	Total mortality RR 1.33	Increased risk with male sex for total death and age for total and CV death in the 2 studies
	1347 v 1155	6 years	Transversal	D− MI+ v D+ MI−
	42% F	1988–1995	RR 2.27 DM− MI+ v DM+ MI−	D− MI+ v D+ MI−
	Type 2 DM	66 years	Cohort	Total mortality RR 1.35
	Cohort		RR 3.10 DM− MI+ v DM+ MI−	D− MI+ v D+ MI−
	7414 v 3977			CV mortality RR 2.93
	49% F			D− MI+ v D+ MI−

Cho 2002, HPFS USA¹¹	2038 v 230	61 years	NR	Total mortality RR* 2.07 v 1.76	Duration of DM independent risk factors for total and CHD death
	100% M	0–26 years		CV mortality RR* 5.51 v 2.75
	Type 2 DM	10 years		Fatal CHD RR* 8.39 v 3.37

Becker 2003, Register Dutch¹²	234 v 208	62 years	Men HR* 7.1 D− CVD+	Fatal event	Women DM+ CVD− have a risk of CV event and death similar with women DM− CVD+
	48% F	6.4 years	HR* 4.0 D+ CVD−	Men HR* 2.4 D− CVD+
	Type 2 DM	1989–2000	Women HR* 3.5 D− CVD+	HR* 1.2 D+ CVD−
			HR* 4.0 D+ CVD−	Women HR* 2.6 D− CVD+
				HR* 5.1 D+ CVD-

Lee 2004, Prospective, ARIC USA¹³	283 v 1460	45–64 years	NR	Fatal CHD + non-fatal MI	Same results when newly diagnosed DM (self reported) at baseline are included
	% F NR	NR		RR 1.86 D− MI+ v D+ MI−
	Type 2 DM	9 years		Fatal + non-fatal stroke
				RR 1.05 D− MI+ v D+ MI−
				CV mortality
				RR 1.82 D− MI+ v D+ MI−

Wannamethee 2004, Prospective UK⁵	547 v 202	63 years	Incidence CHD events	Total mortality D− MI+ v D+ MI− RR 1.25 (95% CI 0.94 to 1.67) CHD mortality D− MI+ v D+ MI−	Increased CHD events and death with duration of DM >12 years
	100% M Type DM NR	NR 10 years	19% D+ CHD− v 19.9% D−Angina+ v
			30% D− MI+	RR 1.47 (95% CI 0.94 to 2.29)
			RR D− MI+ v D+ MI−
			CHD event 1.59, stroke 0.87