BMI (kg/m2) | 23.9 | 24.6 | 25.0 | 0.4 (0.2) | 0.07 |
Waist circumference (cm) | 77.2 | 79.2 | 80.7 | 1.2 (0.5) | 0.02 |
Waist to hip ratio | 0.78 | 0.79 | 0.80 | 0.01 (0.00) | 0.0002 |
Height (cm) | 167.7 | 166.0 | 165.3 | −1.1 (0.3) | <0.0001 |
Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 110.3 | 112.9 | 113.4 | 1.3 (0.6) | 0.02 |
Diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 67.2 | 68.7 | 69.4 | 1.1 (0.5) | 0.01 |
Total cholesterol (mmol/l) | 5.06 | 5.07 | 5.14 | 0.04 (0.04) | 0.34 |
HDL cholesterol (mmol/l) | 1.42 | 1.40 | 1.39 | −0.01 (0.01) | 0.59 |
LDL cholesterol (mmol/l) | 3.13 | 3.13 | 3.22 | 0.05 (0.03) | 0.16 |
Triglycerides (mmol/l) | 1.15 | 1.23 | 1.18 | −0.00 (0.03) | 0.88 |
Glucose (mmol/l) | 4.95 | 4.87 | 4.95 | 0.01 (0.03) | 0.81 |
Insulin (mU/l) | 7.72 | 8.00 | 8.05 | 0.09 (0.27) | 0.74 |
Insulin resistance (HOMA index) | 1.62 | 1.78 | 1.76 | 0.05 (0.07) | 0.42 |
Percentage of smokers | 11.2% | 19.6% | 20.9% | 1.7 (1.7) | 0.33 |
Alcohol consumption (units/week) | 4.2 | 3.3 | 3.7 | −0.1 (0.3) | 0.72 |
Intima–media thickness (mm) | 0.573 | 0.573 | 0.571 | −0.000 (0.004) | 0.99 |
Brachial artery flow mediated dilatation (%) | 8.57 | 8.88 | 8.72 | −0.04 (0.21) | 0.86 |