| Deaths from all causes | Deaths from cardiovascular disease | Deaths from ischaemic heart disease | |||||||
| 30–44 | 45–54 | 55–64 | 30–44 | 45–54 | 55–64 | 30–44 | 45–54 | 55–64 | |
| Income | |||||||||
| High | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) |
| Low | 1.70 (1.60 to 1.80) | 1.82 (1.73 to 1.91) | 1.51 (1.43 to 1.60) | 1.44 (1.25 to 1.67) | 1.62 (1.44 to 1.82) | 1.38 (1.22 to 1.55) | 1.40 (1.10 to 1.79) | 1.28 (1.04 to 1.57) | 1.22 (0.97 to 1.53) |
| Cigarette smoking | |||||||||
| Never | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) |
| Quit | 1.03 (0.93 to 1.14) | 1.09 (1.01 to 1.19) | 1.28 (1.17 to 1.39) | 1.27 (0.97 to 1.68) | 0.94 (0.77 to 1.14) | 1.09 (0.91 to 1.31) | 1.53 (0.96 to 2.45) | 1.13 (0.79 to 1.62) | 1.37 (0.98 to 1.93) |
| ⩽10 cigarettes per day | 1.62 (1.46 to 1.79) | 1.67 (1.53 to 1.81) | 1.79 (1.64 to 1.96) | 1.88 (1.44 to 2.47) | 1.66 (1.37 to 2.01) | 1.70 (1.40 to 2.05) | 1.90 (1.18 to 3.07) | 1.63 (1.13 to 2.36) | 1.56 (1.07 to 2.28) |
| 11–20 cigarettes per day | 1.62 (1.48 to 1.78) | 1.70 (1.58 to 1.84) | 1.93 (1.77 to 2.09) | 2.05 (1.61 to 2.60) | 1.63 (1.37 to 1.94) | 1.82 (1.53 to 2.17) | 2.24 (1.47 to 3.42) | 1.90 (1.37 to 2.63) | 1.90 (1.35 to 2.68) |
| >20 cigarettes per day | 1.67 (1.52 to 1.84) | 1.72 (1.59 to 1.87) | 1.99 (1.81 to 2.19) | 2.18 (1.70 to 2.81) | 1.63 (1.35 to 1.96) | 1.71 (1.38 to 2.11) | 2.51 (1.62 to 3.89) | 2.18 (1.56 to 3.07) | 1.93 (1.30 to 2.87) |
| PAR (%) for current smoking | 25.2 (21.7 to 28.8) | 23.8 (21.1 to 26.5) | 23.5 (20.9 to 26.2) | 31.7 (23.1 to 40.3) | 26.7 (20.4 to 33.1) | 24.1 (18.3 to 29.8) | 31.1 (16.5 to 45.7) | 28.8 (17.7 to 40.0) | 21.6 (10.7 to 32.4) |
| Systolic/diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | |||||||||
| <140 and <90 | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) |
| 140–159 or 90–99 | 1.30 (1.22 to 1.39) | 1.20 (1.14 to 1.27) | 1.13 (1.06 to 1.20) | 1.81 (1.53 to 2.14) | 1.88 (1.65 to 2.16) | 1.83 (1.58 to 2.12) | 1.77 (1.35 to 2.32) | 1.76 (1.39 to 2.21) | 1.84 (1.41 to 2.40) |
| ⩾160 or ⩾100 | 2.16 (1.95 to 2.39) | 1.66 (1.55 to 1.77) | 1.56 (1.46 to 1.67) | 5.64 (4.65 to 6.85) | 4.11 (3.56 to 4.73) | 3.44 (2.96 to 3.99) | 3.31 (2.25 to 4.86) | 2.90 (2.22 to 3.79) | 2.86 (2.15 to 3.79) |
| PAR (%) for hypertension | 9.7 (7.7 to 11.7) | 11.4 (9.2 to 13.6) | 13.0 (10.1 to 15.9) | 27.6 (22.3 to 32.9) | 37.6 (32.4 to 42.7) | 40.8 (34.9 to 46.7) | 17.6 (8.8 to 26.4) | 31.7 (22.5 to 40.8) | 35.9 (24.6 to 47.3) |
| Serum total cholesterol (mmol/l) | |||||||||
| <4.1 | 1.21 (1.13 to 1.31) | 1.46 (1.37 to 1.56) | 1.35 (1.25 to 1.46) | 1.04 (0.85 to 1.27) | 1.18 (0.99 to 1.40) | 1.17 (0.98 to 1.40) | 0.99 (0.69 to 1.42) | 0.72 (0.50 to 1.05) | 1.07 (0.74 to 1.54) |
| 4.1–5.1 | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) |
| 5.2–6.1 | 1.02 (0.95 to 1.10) | 0.91 (0.86 to 0.96) | 0.95 (0.89 to 1.01) | 1.38 (1.16 to 1.64) | 1.10 (0.96 to 1.27) | 1.04 (0.90 to 1.20) | 1.54 (1.14 to 2.08) | 1.25 (0.98 to 1.59) | 1.28 (0.98 to 1.68) |
| ⩾6.2 | 1.28 (1.15 to 1.42) | 1.05 (0.97 to 1.14) | 1.10 (1.01 to 1.19) | 1.92 (1.52 to 2.42) | 1.84 (1.56 to 2.17) | 1.45 (1.22 to 1.73) | 3.04 (2.14 to 4.32) | 2.08 (1.57 to 2.76) | 1.98 (1.44 to 2.70) |
| PAR (%) for high cholesterol | 0.8 (–0.2 to 1.7) | –0.7 (–1.6 to 0.2) | 0.3 (–0.8 to 1.4) | 4.1 (1.3 to 6.9) | 6.6 (3.9 to 9.3) | 4.6 (1.8 to 7.3) | 9.4 (4.1 to 14.8) | 9.7 (4.6 to 14.7) | 8.4 (3.0 to 13.9) |
| Fasting serum glucose (mmol/l) | |||||||||
| <7.0 | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) |
| ⩾7.0 | 2.56 (2.25 to 2.92) | 1.97 (1.82 to 2.14) | 1.95 (1.80 to 2.11) | 2.21 (1.56 to 3.11) | 1.83 (1.50 to 2.25) | 2.13 (1.80 to 2.53) | 2.45 (1.40 to 4.28) | 1.78 (1.23 to 2.57) | 2.34 (1.71 to 3.19) |
| PAR (%) | 2.7 (2.0 to 3.4) | 4.0 (3.2 to 4.8) | 6.1 (5.1 to 7.2) | 1.4 (–0.2 to 3.0) | 2.7 (0.8 to 4.5) | 6.4 (4.1 to 8.8) | 1.2 (–1.5 to 3.8) | 2.4 (−0.8 to 5.6) | 7.5 (3.0 to 12.1) |
| Four risk factors (RF)† | |||||||||
| No RF | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) |
| 1 or more RF | 1.73 (1.60 to 1.86) | 1.64 (1.54 to 1.76) | 1.72 (1.59 to 1.86) | 2.73 (2.19 to 3.40) | 2.75 (2.28 to 3.32) | 3.78 (2.98 to 4.80) | 2.79 (1.92 to 4.05) | 2.76 (1.97 to 3.88) | 3.84 (2.44 to 6.04) |
| PAR (%) | 33.3 (28.8 to 37.7) | 30.3 (26.2 to 34.5) | 36.7 (32.0 to 41.4) | 55.4 (46.1 to 64.8) | 54.9 (46.6 to 63.2) | 67.5 (59.8 to 75.3) | 53.9 (38.0 to 69.9) | 56.3 (42.0 to 70.7) | 71.3 (57.6 to 85.0) |
*PAR for each risk factor is adjusted for age, income, and other three cardiovascular risk factors. PAR for four risk factors is adjusted for age and income. †Four risk factors refer to current smoking, hypertension (systolic blood pressure⩾140 mm Hg or diastolic blood pressure⩾90 mm Hg), high cholesterol (⩾6.2 mmol/l), and high serum glucose (⩾7.0 mmol/l).