| Gender differences (reference group is men) | ||
| Unadjusted OR* (95% CI) | OR* adjusted for age (95% CI) | |
| Current smoker | 0.28 (0.24 to 0.33) | 0.36 (0.31 to 0.42) |
| Heavy alcohol drinker, ever | 0.10 (0.07 to 0.13) | 0.12 (0.09 to 0.16) |
| History of hypertension | 1.55 (1.42 to 1.69) | 1.51 (1.39 to 1.65) |
| Diabetes | 1.18 (1.09 to 1.30) | 1.17 (1.06 to 1.29) |
| Stroke or transient ischaemic attack (TIA) | 1.15 (1.03 to 1.28) | 0.98 (0.87 to 1.10) |
| History of renal dysfunction | 0.79 (0.71 to 0.87) | 0.67 (0.60 to 0.75) |
| Respiratory disease | 0.92 (0.84 to 1.00) | 0.84 (0.77 to 0.93) |
| Cumulative evidence for CAD† | 0.65 (0.60 to 0.71) | 0.62 (0.57 to 0.68) |
| Dilated cardiomyopathy | 0.40 (0.30 to 0.53) | 0.57 (0.42 to 0.77) |
| Atrial fibrillation, ever | 1.18 (1.09 to 1.29) | 1.03 (0.95 to 1.13) |
| Ward of admission: | ||
| Cardiology | 0.50 (0.46 to 0.54) | 0.66 (0.61 to 0.73) |
| General internal medicine | 1.85 (1.70 to 2.01) | 1.47 (1.35 to 1.61) |
| Other ward | 1.30 (1.11 to 1.51) | 1.01 (0.86 to 1.18) |
| Assessment of LV function: | 0.51 (0.47 to 0.56) | 0.67 (0.61 to 0.74) |
| LVSD‡ | 0.33 (0.29 to 0.37) | 0.35 (0.32 to 0.39) |
| Echocardiography performed: | 0.57 (0.52 to 0.62) | 0.74 (0.67 to 0.81) |
| Mitral stenosis | 3.54 (2.57 to 4.89) | 3.89 (2.79 to 5.41) |
| Aortic stenosis | 1.66 (1.37 to 2.01) | 1.39 (1.14 to 1.70) |
| Mitral regurgitation | 1.12 (1.00 to 1.25) | 1.12 (1.00 to 1.25) |
| Aortic regurgitation | 1.28 (1.05 to 1.55) | 1.17 (0.96 to 1.42) |
*OR >1 correlates with a higher prevalence in women.
†CAD (coronary artery disease): myocardial infarction, angina, or revascularisation.
‡LVSD = EF<40% or moderate to severe LV systolic dysfunction.