| Gender differences | |||||
| Unadjusted OR* (95% CI) | OR* adjusted for age (95% CI) | Adjusted OR* (95% CI)† | |||
| Total population (n = 8914) | Men (n = 4748) (%) | Women (n = 4166) (%) | |||
| ACE-inhibitors | 69 | 60 | 0.67 (0.62 to 0.74) | 0.77 (0.70 to 0.84) | 0.70 (0.64 to 0.77) |
| β-Blockers | 41 | 32 | 0.70 (0.65 to 0.77) | 0.86 (0.79 to 0.94) | 0.90 (0.83 to 0.99) |
| Spironolactone | 26 | 19 | 0.67 (0.61 to 0.75) | 0.76 (0.69 to 0.85) | 0.77 (0.69 to 0.85) |
| Diuretics | 85 | 88 | 1.25 (1.11 to 1.42) | 1.07 (0.94 to 1.22) | 1.05 (0.92 to 1.19) |
| Cardiac glycosides | 38 | 40 | 1.12 (1.03 to 1.22) | 1.09 (1.00 to 1.19) | 1.06 (0.97 to 1.17) |
| Antithrombotic agents | 82 | 75 | 0.65 (0.58 to 0.71) | 0.67 (0.60 to 0.74) | 0.71 (0.63 to 0.79) |
| Patients with LVSD (n = 3584) | Men (n = 2490) (%) | Women (n = 1094) (%) | |||
| ACE-inhibitors | 80 | 74 | 0.71 (0.60 to 0.84) | 0.77 (0.65 to 0.91) | 0.72 (0.61 to 0.86) |
| β-Blockers | 49 | 39 | 0.66 (0.57 to 0.77) | 0.76 (0.66 to 0.88) | 0.76 (0.65 to 0.89) |
| Spironolactone | 32 | 25 | 0.69 (0.59 to 0.81) | 0.77 (0.65 to 0.91) | 0.75 (0.64 to 0.89) |
| Diuretics | 88 | 89 | 1.18 (0.94 to 1.47) | 1.06 (0.84 to 1.34) | 1.04 (0.82 to 1.32) |
| Cardiac glycosides | 41 | 45 | 1.16 (1.05 to 1.28) | 1.15 (1.04 to 1.28) | 1.27 (1.13 to 1.42) |
| Antithrombotic agents | 87 | 83 | 0.66 (0.59 to 0.75) | 0.65 (0.57 to 0.74) | 0.76 (0.66 to 0.87) |
| Patients with PLVF (n = 2396) | Men (n = 4082) (%) | Women (n = 2904) (%) | |||
| ACE-inhibitors | 60 | 58 | 0.91 (0.77 to 1.07) | 0.93 (0.79 to 1.10) | 0.86 (0.72 to 1.02) |
| β-Blockers | 40 | 36 | 0.85 (0.72 to 1.00) | 0.95 (0.80 to 1.12) | 0.98 (0.82 to 1.18) |
| Spironolactone | 17 | 20 | 1.22 (0.99 to 1.50) | 1.24 (1.00 to 1.54) | 1.22 (0.98 to 1.52) |
| Diuretics | 78 | 88 | 2.03 (1.63 to 2.53) | 1.74 (1.39 to 2.18) | 1.64 (1.30 to 2.07) |
| Cardiac glycosides | 28 | 37 | 1.45 (1.22 to 1.73) | 1.37 (1.14 to 1.63) | 1.30 (1.06 to 1.58) |
| Antithrombotic agents | 83 | 77 | 0.72 (0.59 to 0.88) | 0.71 (0.58 to 0.88) | 0.76 (0.61 to 0.94) |
LVSD, left ventricular systolic dysfunction; PLVF, preserved left ventricular function.
*OR >1 correlates with a higher prevalence in women.
†Adjusted for age, hypertension, diabetes, stroke or transient ischaemic attack (TIA), renal failure, respiratory disease, coronary artery disease, cardiomyopathy, and atrial fibrillation.