| Inotropy | Esmolol | Baseline | DBT | RMANOVA | |
| F value | p Value | ||||
| Mean AoP (mm Hg) | 58 (23)* | 71 (22) | 87 (18)*† | 17.006 | <0.001 |
| Peak RVP (mm Hg) | 26 (3) | 31 (2) | 43 (8)*† | 38.891 | <0.001 |
| HR (beats/min) | 76 (4)* | 104 (6) | 141 (16)*† | 72.983 | <0.001 |
| CO (l/min) | 3.6 (0.7)* | 4.2 (0.7) | 5.7 (1)*† | 81.777 | <0.001 |
| RVEDP (mm Hg) | 8 (3) | 8 (1) | 8 (2) | 0.436 | 0.655 |
| RVEDV (ml) | 133 (26)* | 99 (10) | 89 (23)† | 13.141 | <0.001 |
| Ea (mm Hg/ml) | 0.55 (0.13) | 0.76 (0.14) | 1.03 (0.26)*† | 14.192 | <0.001 |
| Pacing | HR 100 | HR 120 | HR 140 | RMANOVA | |
| F value | p Value | ||||
| Mean AoP (mm Hg) | 81 (22) | 78 (20) | 82 (20) | 0.551 | 0.597 |
| Peak RVP (mm Hg) | 31 (3) | 32 (2) | 33 (4) | 2.531 | 0.129 |
| CO (l/min) | 4.2 (0.5) | 4.4 (0.5) | 4.5 (0.8) | 0.682 | 0.528 |
| RVEDP (mm Hg) | 7 (1) | 8 (2) | 7 (1) | 1.732 | 0.226 |
| RVEDV (ml) | 115 (22) | 100 (19) | 95 (22) | 2.386 | 0.142 |
| Ea (mm Hg/ml) | 0.72 (0.8) | 0.80 (0.8) | 1.00 (0.14)*† | 26.982 | <0.001 |
| Loading | Baseline | Low preload | Baseline | High afterload |
| Mean AoP (mm Hg) | 75 (17) | 56 (23)* | 71 (20) | 71 (26) |
| Peak RVP (mm Hg) | 33 (4) | 24 (4)* | 31 (5) | 49 (15)* |
| HR (beats/min) | 111 (8) | 116 (13) | 106 (20) | 114 (26) |
| CO (l/min) | 4.3 (0.6) | 2.5 (0.6)* | 4.1 (1.1) | 3.5 (1.6) |
| RVEDP (mm Hg) | 7 (2) | 6 (1)* | 8 (3) | 11 (3)* |
| RVEDV (ml) | 108 (12) | 65 (14)* | 103 (16) | 114 (26) |
| Ea (mm Hg/ml) | 0.85 (0.12) | 1.13 (0.12)* | 0.82 (0.12) | 1.37 (0.5)* |
Values are means (SD).
AoP, aortic pressure; CO, cardiac output; DBT, dobutamine infusion at 3 μg/kg/min; HR, heart rate during atrial pacing in beats per minute; RMANOVA, repeated measurements analysis of variance; RVEDP, right ventricular end-diastolic pressure; RVEDV, right ventricular end-diastolic volume; RVP, right ventricular pressure.
*p<0.05 compared with baseline or HR 100.
†p<0.05 DBT compared with esmolol or HR 120.