| Characteristics | Overall (n = 27) | Male (n = 20) | Female (n = 7) |
| Age (years) | 32 (22–54) | 32 (22–54) | 29 (25–34) |
| Weight (kg) | 72.6 (8.5) | 76.5 (5.4) | 61.6 (5.4)† |
| Height (cm) | 178.9 (7.5) | 180.8 (5.7) | 173.5 (9.6)† |
| SBP (mm Hg) | 118 (9) | 119 (9) | 116 (11) |
| DBP (mm Hg) | 70 (10) | 71 (9) | 66 (11) |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 22.8 (1.8) | 23.4 (1.5) | 21.3 (1.8)† |
| Competed in endurance sport (years) | 8.0 (7.9) | 9.0 (8.7) | 4.9 (4.4) |
| Training per week (hours) | 19.2 (3.3) | 18.8 (3.4) | 20.3 (3.9) |
| LA area (cm2) | 27.5 (3.7) | 28.5 (3.3) | 24.5 (3.3)* |
| IVST (cm) | 1.08 (0.18) | 1.11 (0.19) | 1.00 (0.12) |
| PWT (cm) | 1.06 (0.17) | 1.09 (0.18) | 0.99 (0.12) |
| RWT | 0.39 (0.11) | 0.40 (0.13) | 0.38 (0.05) |
| LVEDD (cm) | 5.50 (0.52) | 5.59 (0.52) | 5.26 (0.48) |
| LVM (g) | 276 (49) | 293 (36) | 233 (54) |
| LVEF (%) | 60.4 (4.7) | 59.6 (4.5) | 62.6 (5.2) |
| E (m/s) | 0.82 (0.17) | 0.79 (0.14) | 0.91 (0.21 |
| A (m/s) | 0.39 (0.11) | 0.38 (0.11) | 0.41 (0.11) |
| E/A | 2.2 (0.6) | 2.2 (0.7) | 2.3 (0.5) |
| e′ Septal (cm/s) | 10.0 (1.5) | 9.8 (1.6) | 10.4 (1.2) |
| E/e′ ratio | 8.4 (1.8) | 8.2 (1.7) | 8.8 (2.0) |
All values expressed as mean (SD) except age expressed as median and range.
*p<0.05; †p<0.01 for differences between the male and female cohorts.
A, mitral late peak velocity; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; e′, mitral annulus early peak velocity; E, mitral early peak velocity; E/A, ratio of early to late peak diastolic transmitral flow velocity; E/e′, ratio of mitral early peak velocity/mitral annulus early peak velocity; IVST, diastolic interventricular septum thickness; LA, left atrial; LVEDD, left ventricular end-diastolic diameter; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; LVID, left ventricular internal diameter; LVM, left ventricular mass calculated with the Penn cube formula: LVM = 1.04((LVEDD + PWT + IVST)3 – LVID3) − 13.6 g; PWT, diastolic posterior wall thickness; RWT, relative left ventricular wall thickness calculated as (PWT/IVST)/LVEDD; SBP, systolic blood pressure.