Women | Men | p Value for sex interaction | |||
FEV1 | |||||
HR* (95% CI) | p value | HR* (95% CI) | p value | ||
All-cause mortality | 0.88 (0.79 to 0.99) | 0.03 | 0.81 (0.75 to 0.88) | <0.001 | 0.19 |
CVD mortality | 0.94 (0.79 to 1.12) | 0.48 | 0.82 (0.73 to 0.92) | <0.001 | 0.12 |
CHD mortality | 0.96 (0.74 to 1.23) | 0.72 | 0.86 (0.74 to 0.99) | 0.04 | 0.37 |
Stroke mortality | 0.84 (0.61 to 1.15) | 0.27 | 0.93 (0.70 to 1.24) | 0.62 | 0.69 |
Cancer mortality | 0.97 (0.79 to 1.20) | 0.80 | 0.99 (0.84 to 1.17) | 0.94 | 0.84 |
Lung cancer | 0.81 (0.46 to 1.41) | 0.46 | 0.74 (0.55 to 0.99) | 0.04 | 0.68 |
Respiratory mortality | 0.68 (0.50 to 0.92) | 0.01 | 0.53 (0.42 to 0.66) | <0.001 | 0.17 |
Smoking | |||||
HR† (95% CI) | p value | HR† (95% CI) | p value | ||
All-cause mortality | 1.74 (1.37 to 2.22) | <0.001 | 1.40 (1.13 to 1.74) | 0.002 | 0.23 |
CVD mortality | 1.62 (1.11 to 2.35) | 0.01 | 1.21 (0.90 to 1.62) | 0.21 | 0.29 |
CHD mortality | 2.55(1.45 to 4.50) | 0.001 | 1.24 (0.86 to 1.80) | 0.25 | 0.05 |
Stroke mortality | 0.81 (0.41 to 1.61) | 0.55 | 0.96 (0.49 to 1.87) | 0.90 | 0.71 |
Cancer mortality | 1.46 (0.95 to 2.24) | 0.08 | 1.53 (0.98 to 2.39) | 0.06 | 0.89 |
Lung cancer | 3.39‡ (0.43 to 26.4) | 0.24 | 2.29‡ (1.08 to 4.86) | 0.03 | 0.75 |
Respiratory mortality | 3.26 (1.56 to 6.81) | 0.002 | 2.39 (1.15 to 4.97) | 0.02 | 0.57 |
ECG ischaemia | |||||
HR (95% CI) | p value | HR (95% CI) | p value | ||
All-cause mortality | 1.65 (0.90 to 3.01) | 0.10 | 2.21 (1.63 to 2.99) | <0.001 | 0.27 |
CVD mortality | 2.83 (1.38 to 5.79) | 0.005 | 2.63 (1.77 to 3.92) | <0.001 | 0.85 |
CHD mortality | 2.85 (1.04 to 7.86) | 0.04 | 3.05 (1.94 to 4.80) | <0.001 | 0.73 |
*Hazard ratio associated with a 1 SD increase in FEV1 (0.50 l women; 0.76 l men).
†Hazard ratios and p values for current smokers vs never smokers, except ‡current smokers vs ex-smokers.
CHD, coronary heart disease; CVD, cardiovascular disease; FEV1, forced expiratory volume in 1 second.