| Intervention | Control | Group × time | |||
| Baseline | Change | Baseline | Change | p Value | |
| Demographics | |||||
| Age (years) | 56.1 (11.7) | 55 (8.5) | 0.519 | ||
| Gender (% male) | 53 | 57 | 0.632 | ||
| Myocardial function | |||||
| Myocardial dysfunction (% of patients) | 89 | 87 | 0.640 | ||
| Systolic tissue velocity (S′) (cm/s) | 5.3 (1.3) | 0.7 (1)† | 5.2 (1.6) | 0.8 (1.5)† | 0.680 |
| Diastolic tissue velocity (E′) (cm/s) | 5.5 (1.7) | 0.6 (1.4)† | 5.8 (2.1) | 0.5 (1.6)† | 0.603 |
| Myocardial strain (%) | 20.6 (3.6) | 0.7 (2.8)† | 20.5 (4.1) | 0.7 (3.1)† | 0.935 |
| Myocardial strain rate (/s) | 1.4 (0.3) | 0.0 (0.2) | 1.4 (0.3) | 0.0 (0.3) | 0.614 |
| Echocardiographic | |||||
| Ejection fraction (%) | 70.9 (7.4) | 1.9 (10.5) | 72 (8.4) | 2 (9.1) | 0.905 |
| LV mass (g) | 203.4 (65.5) | −1.9 (50) | 206.1 (62.2) | 7 (62.7) | 0.314 |
| LV mass index (g/m2) | 96.7 (26.2) | −0.3 (23.1) | 99.4 (28.1) | 2.2 (30) | 0.553 |
| LV end systolic diameter (cm) | 2.8 (0.5) | 0.0 (0.5) | 2.7 (0.6) | 0.0 (0.5) | 0.876 |
| LV end diastolic diameter (cm) | 4.7 (0.6) | 0.1 (0.5) | 4.6 (0.6) | 0.1 (0.5) | 0.691 |
| Metabolic | |||||
| BMI (kg/m2) | 31.5 (5.2) | −0.9 (4.1)† | 31.6 (6.1) | 0.1 (2.1) | 0.051 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 108 (12.8) | −1.6 (4.8)† | 106.2 (13.9) | 1.2 (5.4) | 0.001‡ |
| Fat mass (%) | 36.5 (10.3) | −0.9 (5.2) | 34.6 (9.2) | 1.1 (3.7)† | 0.006‡ |
| Glucose (mmol/l) | 8.6 (3.5) | −0.5 (2.9) | 8.2 (2.7) | 0.6 (2.5)† | 0.012‡ |
| HbA1c (%) | 7.5 (1.6) | 0.0 (0.7) | 7.6 (1.3) | 0.7 (1.7) | 0.001‡ |
| Insulin (mU/l) | 16.1 (10.5) | 0.6 (14.2) | 14.5 (13.0) | 0.7 (7.7) | 0.986 |
| HOMA | 5.8 (4.0) | −0.2 (4.2) | 5.6 (5.2) | 1.5 (7.5) | 0.140 |
| QUICKI | 0.307 (0.03) | 0.01 (0.03) | 0.318 (0.039) | −0.01 (0.02)† | 0.008‡ |
| Total cholesterol (mmol/l) | 4.9 (0.9) | −0.1 (0.7) | 4.8 (1.0) | −0.1 (0.8) | 0.889 |
| HDL cholesterol (mmol/l) | 1.37 (0.34) | 0.1 (0.3)† | 1.40 (0.43) | 0.0 (0.3) | 0.128 |
| LDL cholesterol (mmol/l) | 2.8 (0.8) | −0.1 (0.7) | 2.7 (0.9) | −0.1 (0.6) | 0.931 |
| Triglycerides (mmol/l) | 1.8 (0.9) | 0.0 (0.7) | 1.8 (1.2) | 0.0 (1.0) | 0.918 |
| Cardiovascular | |||||
| Systolic BP rest (mm Hg) | 136.7 (17.2)* | −4.6 (14.4)† | 128.7 (14.7) | 0.5 (16.1) | 0.051 |
| Diastolic BP rest (mm Hg) | 82.8 (10.2) | −3.6 (10.1)† | 79.8 (8.8) | −1.0 (9.5) | 0.119 |
| Resting heart rate (bpm) | 86.6 (15.1) | −8.5 (13.7)† | 83.7 (12) | −4.2 (12.8)† | 0.051 |
| Functional capacity | |||||
| VO2max (ml/kg/min) | 21.9 (5.8) | 2.3 (4.3)† | 23.6 (6.5) | 0.1 (4.3) | 0.003‡ |
| % of normal VO2max (%) | 74 (16.4) | 9.6 (15.3)† | 75.9 (19.1) | 1.5 (13.8) | 0.001‡ |
| 6-minute walk (m) | 526.7 (86.8) | 37.8 (58.1)† | 538.9 (84) | 15.3 (54.8)† | 0.034‡ |
| Physical activity | |||||
| Sufficiently active (% of patients) | 64% | 60% | |||
| Walking (min/week) | 181.3 (198.4) | 4.7 (144.4) | 155.4 (180.3) | 24.5 (214.1) | 0.829 |
| Moderate (min/week) | 61.5 (147.9) | 16.9 (175.4)† | 40.1 (87.1) | 1.4 (99.9) | 0.260 |
| Vigorous (min/week) | 83.8 (133.4) | 24.6 (192.9) | 93.1 (181.2) | −6.0 (193.7) | <0.001‡ |
Change was calculated from individual change values. Myocardial dysfunction was categorised according to Sun et al.14 Data are mean (SD).
*Significant difference compared to baseline control (p = 0.005); †significant within group difference (p<0.05); ‡significant group by time effect (p<0.05).
BMI, body mass index; HbA1c, glycated haemoglobin; HOMA, homeostasis model assessment; LV, left ventricular; QUICKI, quantitative insulin check index; VO2max, maximal cardiorespiratory fitness.