| Causes of death | Bioprosthetic AVR | Mechanical AVR | Bioprosthetic MVR | Mechanical MVR | ||||
| Females (n = 486) | Males (n = 815) | Females (n = 278) | Males (n = 674) | Females (n = 164) | Males (n = 137) | Females (n = 329) | Males (n = 231) | |
| Myocardial infarction | 1 | 8 | 9 | 14 | – | 3 | 3 | 4 |
| Congestive heart failure | 6 | 17 | 11 | 20 | 8 | 4 | 10 | 8 |
| Stroke/thromboembolism | 5 | 10 | 5 | 8 | 4 | 2 | 6 | 3 |
| Malignancy | 6 | 32 | 6 | 14 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 8 |
| Respiratory failure | 5 | 20 | 8 | 14 | 3 | 2 | 6 | 3 |
| Renal failure | – | 6 | – | 1 | – | 1 | 5 | – |
| Multiorgan failure | 4 | 9 | – | 9 | 8 | 3 | 5 | 3 |
| Endocarditis/sepsis | – | – | 1 | 2 | – | – | – | – |
| Haemorrhage | – | 2 | 2 | 2 | – | – | 1 | – |
| Accidental | – | 1 | – | 1 | – | – | 1 | – |
| Sudden/unexplained | 34 | 73 | 20 | 55 | 14 | 19 | 34 | 27 |
| Total deaths | 61 | 178 | 62 | 140 | 42 | 39 | 76 | 56 |
AVR, aortic valve replacement; MVR, mitral valve replacement.