Mean differences in left ventricular measures and resting heart rate associated with moderate and vigorous physical activity for women and men after adjustment for risk factors
| Moderate and vigorous physical activity | LV ED mass, g/m2 | LV ED volume, ml/m2 | LV ES volume, ml/m2 | LV stroke volume, ml/m2 | LV cardiac output, l/min/m2 | LV ejection fraction, % | LV mass/volume ratio | Resting heart rate, bpm |
| (MET-min/day) | (95% CI) | (95% CI) | (95% CI) | (95% CI) | (95% CI) | (95% CI) | (95% CI) | (95% CI) |
| Women | ||||||||
| 0–240 | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| 240–456§ Estimate* | −0.29 (−1.65 to 1.07) | 0.60 (−0.69 to 1.89) | 0.22 (−0.49 to 0.93) | 0.38 (−0.56 to 1.32) | 0.02 (−0.06 to 0.10) | −0.02 (−0.78 to 0.74) | −0.02 (−0.04 to 0.01) | −0.11 (−1.48 to 1.26) |
| 456–745¶ Estimate | 0.36 (−1.00 to 1.72) | 0.75 (−0.54 to 2.04) | 0.01 (−0.70 to 0.72) | 0.74 (−0.20 to 1.68) | −0.03 (−0.11 to 0.05) | 0.21 (−0.55 to 0.98) | −0.01 (−0.03 to 0.02) | −1.81 (−3.17 to 1.25) |
| 745–1254** Estimate | 0.91 (−0.49 to 2.30) | 0.73 (−0.60 to 2.05) | 0.28 (−0.45 to 1.01) | 0.45 (−0.52 to 1.42) | −0.01 (−0.09 to 0.08) | −0.24 (−1.02 to 0.54) | −0.00 (−0.03 to 0.02) | −0.88 (−2.29 to 0.52) |
| >1254 Estimate | 1.00 (−0.48 to 2.47) | 1.04 (−0.36 to 2.44) | 0.30 (−0.47 to 1.08) | 0.74 (−0.29 to 1.76) | −0.02 (−0.11 to 0.07) | −0.21 (−1.04 to 0.61) | −0.00 (−0.03 to 0.02) | −1.83† (−3.32 to −0.35) |
| Men | ||||||||
| 0–240 | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| 240–456§ Estimate* | 2.46† (0.47 to 4.45) | 1.64 (−0.28 to 3.56) | 0.21 (−0.94 to 1.37) | 1.43† (0.17 to 2.68) | 0.08 (−0.02 to 0.18) | 0.44 (−0.52 to 1.40) | 0.00 (−0.03 to 0.04) | −0.35 (−1.89 to 1.19) |
| 456–745¶ Estimate | 3.91‡ (1.90 to 5.92) | 1.99† (0.06 to 3.92) | 1.01 (−0.15 to 2.18) | 0.98 (−0.28 to 2.24) | 0.04 (−0.05 to 0.14) | −0.53 (−1.50 to 0.44) | 0.02 (−0.02 to 0.05) | −0.30 (−1.85 to 1.25) |
| 745–1254** Estimate | 4.01‡ (2.03 to 5.99) | 2.62† (0.71 to 4.52) | 1.18† (0.03 to 2.33) | 1.44† (0.19 to 2.68) | 0.06 (−0.03 to 0.16) | −0.61 (−1.57 to 0.35) | 0.01 (−0.02 to 0.05) | −0.85 (−2.37 to 0.68) |
| >1254 Estimate | 6.37‡ (4.42 to 8.31) | 4.20‡ (2.33 to 6.07) | 1.30† (0.17 to 2.43) | 2.90‡ (1.68 to 4.13) | 0.12 (0.02 to 0.21) | −0.04 (−0.98 to 0.90) | 0.01 (−0.02 to 0.05) | −1.73† (−3.23 to −0.23) |
*Coefficients represent change in left ventricular (LV) measures across moderate and vigorous physical activity categories, having the 0–240 metabolic equivalent minutes per day (MET-min/day) physical activity as reference. Left ventricular parameters were indexed to body surface area except ejection fraction and mass/volume ratio. All models were adjusted for age, race/ethnicity, systolic blood pressure, hypertension medication use, diabetes status, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein, lipid-lowering medication use and smoking status. †p⩽0.05; ‡p⩽0.001. §Four hundred and fifty-six MET-min/day is equivalent to approximately 1.4 h of moderate conditioning exercise. ¶Seven hundred and forty-five MET-min/day is equivalent to approximately 2.3 h of moderate conditioning exercise. **One thousand two hundred and fifty-four MET-min/day is equivalent to approximately 3.8 h of moderate conditioning exercise. bpm, beats per minute; ED, end-diastolic; ES, end-systolic.