Table 1

Baseline clinical and demographic characteristics

	Cases (n=1716)		Controls (n=3432)		p Value
	n	%	n	%	p Value
Female	695	40.6	1401	41.0	0.83
Age, mean (SD)	75.4	(11.1)	75.3	(11.1)	0.76
Diagnosis
ST segment elevation myocardial infarction	639	37.2	1278	37.2	0.65
Non–ST segment elevation myocardial infarction	744	43.4	1488	43.4
Unstable angina	333	19.4	666	19.4
GRACE risk score, mean (SD)	160.4	(33.5)	160.4	(33.6)	1.00

Medical history
Angina	961	56.2	1817	53.2	0.04
Myocardial infarction	796	46.5	1145	33.5	<0.001
Congestive heart failure	518	30.4	585	17.1	<0.001
Angiogram diagnostic of coronary artery disease	629	37.6	962	28.5	<0.001
PCI	304	17.9	508	14.9	0.01
Coronary artery bypass graft	304	17.8	442	12.9	<0.001
Peripheral vascular revascularisation	11	1.3	18	1.0	0.55
Family history of coronary artery disease	176	21.2	405	22.8	0.36
Positive stress test	184	10.9	314	9.2	0.06
Hypertension	1231	72.1	2256	66.1	<0.001
Dyslipidemia	735	43.4	1434	42.2	0.42
Peripheral arterial disease	305	17.9	419	12.3	<0.001
Atrial fibrillation	290	17.1	428	12.6	<0.001
TIA/stroke	289	17.0	393	11.5	<0.001
Smoker	923	54.0	1625	47.6	<0.001
Former smoker	604	66.4	1017	63.6
Current smoker	283	31.1	543	33.9	0.34
Status not recorded	23	2.5	40	2.5
Diabetes	578	33.8	904	26.4	<0.001
Diet controlled	61	11.3	130	15.1
Oral hypoglycemia	244	45.0	443	51.3	0.004
Insulin dependent	206	38.0	253	29.3
No treatment used	18	3.3	23	2.7
Not recorded	13	2.4	15	1.7
Renal insufficiency	327	19.2	379	11.1	<0.001
No dialysis	226	83.4	273	88.4	0.09
Dialysis	45	16.6	36	11.7
Major surgery/trauma	159	9.3	203	5.9	<0.001
Major bleeding	47	2.8	79	2.3	0.34
Implantable cardiac defibrillator	11	1.3	9	0.5	0.03
Venous thromboembolism	33	3.9	43	2.4	0.03
Presentation/in-hospital
Cardiac arrest	33	1.9	80	2.3	0.37
Killip class
I (no heart failure)	1122	65.4	2320	67.6
II (rales)	428	24.9	752	21.9	0.09
III (pulmonary oedema)	149	8.7	318	9.3
IV (cardiogenic shock)	17	1.0	42	1.2
Left-ventricular ejection fraction	1148	67.3	2399	70.5	0.02
Country					<0.001
Argentina	99	5.8	263	7.7
Australia/New Zealand	172	10.0	354	10.3
Austria	15	0.9	43	1.3
Belgium	80	4.7	219	6.4
Brazil	132	7.7	214	6.2
Canada	92	5.4	238	6.9
France	100	5.8	279	8.1
Germany	58	3.4	119	3.5
Italy	22	1.3	100	2.9
Poland	77	4.5	213	6.2
Spain	62	3.6	206	6.0
UK	142	8.3	241	7.0
USA	665	38.8	943	27.5