Overall accuracy of clinical features of heart failure
| Number of patients (studies) | Sensitivity (%) | Specificity (%) | Youden index* | |
| History of AMI | 1769 (10) | 26 | 89 | 15 |
| Dyspnoea | 2187 (5) | 87 | 51 | 38 |
| Orthopnoea | 2901 (6) | 44 | 89 | 33 |
| Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnoea | 1786 (3) | No summary results | ||
| Oedema | 3736 (12) | 53 | 72 | 25 |
| Tachycardia | 1582 (3) | No summary results | ||
| Elevated JVP | 3353 (7) | 52 | 70 | 22 |
| Cardiomegaly | 405 (1) | 27 | 85 | 12 |
| Added heart sounds | 2948 (6) | 11 | 99 | 10 |
| Lung crepitation | 4619 (11) | 51 | 81 | 32 |
| Hepatomegaly | 1058 (1) | 17 | 97 | 14 |
↵* Youden index = Sensitivity % + specificity % − 100%. This is a measure of the overall diagnostic accuracy of the test, with a maximum score of 100.
AMI, acute myocardial infarction; JVP, jugular venous pressure.