Baseline characteristics
| Median (IQR) or % | Range | |
| Clinical characteristics | ||
| Age (years) | 67 (58–75) | 44–82 |
| Female (%) | 55 | |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 30.2 (27.6–32.2) | 21.9–40 |
| Obese (%) | 50 | |
| Diabetes mellitus (%) | 15 | |
| β blockers (%) | 50 | |
| ACEI/ARB (%) | 65 | |
| Diuretics (%) | 50 | |
| Serum creatinine (mg/dl) | 1.0 (1.0–1.1) | 0.6–1.2 |
| Haemoglobin (mg/dl) | 13.0 (12.5–13.9) | 10.6–17.4 |
| Echocardiography | ||
| LV mass index (g/m2.7) | 40.9 (35.4–54.2) | 25.4–59.0 |
| LV hypertrophy (%) | 47 | |
| Ejection fraction (%) | 62 (58–65) | 50–70 |
| Left atrial volume index (ml/m2) | 35 (26–42) | 17–64 |
| Left atrial enlargement (%) | 65 | |
| E′ velocity (cm/s) | 6.9 (5.8–7.5) | 4.0–9.0 |
| E/e′ ratio | 12 (9–16) | 8–20 |
ACEI, ACE inhibitors; ARB, angiotensin receptor blockers; E′, tissue Doppler early diastolic mitral annular velocity; E/e′, ratio of early diastolic transmitral filling velocity to E′ velocity;LV, left ventricle.