Variable | All | No PPM | Moderate PPM | Severe PPM | p Value | |||
* | * | † | ||||||
All patients | 1006 | 341 (34) | 532 (53) | 133 (13) | ||||
Mean±SD age (years) | 64±14 | 64±15 | 65±13 | 65±13 | 0.66 | |||
Age ≥70 years | 429 (43) | 141 (41) | 231 (43) | 57 (43) | 0.83 | |||
Male | 502 (50) | 143 (42) | 276 (52) | 0.004 | 83 (62) | <0.0001 | 0.032 | <0.0001 |
Hypertension | 565 (56) | 173 (51) | 304 (57) | 0.07 | 88 (66) | 0.002 | 0.048 | 0.006 |
Diabetes | 153 (15) | 39 (11) | 82 (15) | 32 (24) | 0.001 | 0.02 | 0.002 | |
Creatinine >200 μmol/l | 41 (4) | 7 (2) | 29 (5) | 0.014 | 5 (4) | 0.045 | ||
Cerebrovascular disease | 115 (11) | 42 (12) | 53 (10) | 20 (15) | 0.20 | |||
Obesity | 230 (23) | 47 (14) | 108 (20) | 0.014 | 75 (56) | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 24.5±5.5 | 24.6±4.9 | 26.1±4.6 | <0.0001 | 31.9±6.7 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
BSA (m2) | 1.8±0.2 | 1.7±0.2 | 1.8±0.2 | <0.0001 | 2.0±0.2 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
Peripheral vascular disease | 70 (7) | 20 (6) | 39 (7) | 11 (8) | 0.57 | |||
COPD | 161 (16) | 51 (15) | 78 (15) | 32 (24) | 0.021 | 0.012 | 0.019 | |
Endocarditis | 107 (11) | 40 (12) | 56 (11) | 11 (8) | 0.56 | |||
Myocardial infarction | 191 (19) | 49 (14) | 103 (19) | 0.067 | 39 (29) | <0.0001 | 0.013 | 0.001 |
CHF | 563 (56) | 196 (57) | 294 (55) | 73 (55) | 0.80 | |||
Isolated mitral valve replacement | 500 (50) | 184 (54) | 255 (48) | 61 (46) | 0.14 | |||
Shock | 61 (6) | 14 (4) | 37 (7) | 10 (8) | 0.17 | |||
Concomitant CABG | 328 (33) | 103 (30) | 172 (32) | 53 (40) | 0.05 | 0.13 | ||
Tricuspid repair | 85 (8) | 34 (10) | 46 (9) | 5 (4) | 0.026 | 0.068 | 0.089 | |
Mitral valve pathology | ||||||||
Rheumatic | 288 (29) | 118 (35) | 135 (25) | 35 (26) | ||||
Ischaemic | 109 (11) | 28 (8) | 62 (12) | 19 (14) | ||||
Myxomatous | 369 (37) | 120 (35) | 200 (38) | 49 (37) | ||||
Active infection | 77 (8) | 29 (9) | 40 (8) | 8 (6) | ||||
Other‡ | 163 (16) | 46 (13) | 95 (18) | 0.021 | 22 (17) | 0.081 | ||
Bioprosthesis implantation | 384 (38) | 102 (30) | 199 (37) | 0.024 | 83 (62) | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
Valve size ≤27 mm | 244 (24) | 71 (21) | 130 (24) | 43 (32) | 0.012 | 0.077 | 0.031 | |
Mitral regurgitation >2+ | 871 (87) | 289 (85) | 458 (86) | 124 (93) | 0.014 | 0.037 | 0.054 | |
Mitral stenosis | 290 (29) | 110 (32) | 151 (28) | 29 (22) | 0.025 | 0.069 | ||
Hyperlipidaemia | 408 (41) | 122 (36) | 227 (43) | 0.047 | 59 (44) | 0.076 | ||
Resuscitation | 17 (2) | 2 (1) | 12 (2) | 3 (2) | 0.15 | |||
Atrial fibrillation | 405 (40) | 145 (43) | 220 (41) | 40 (30) | 0.016 | 0.017 | 0.035 | |
Immunosuppressives | 27 (3) | 5 (1) | 17 (3) | 5 (4) | 0.21 | |||
Left ventricular dysfunction§ | ||||||||
None (EF >60%) | 484/882 (55) | 147/286 (51) | 277/478 (58) | 60/118 (51) | ||||
Mild impairment (EF 46–60%) | 240/882 (27) | 94/286 (33) | 119/478 (25) | 27/118 (23) | ||||
Moderate (EF 30–45%) | 124/882 (14) | 37/286 (13) | 62/478 (13) | 25/118 (21) | ||||
Severe (EF <30%) | 34/882 (4) | 8/286 (3) | 20/478 (4) | 6/118 (5) | 0.051 | 0.039 | ||
New York Heart Association class§ | ||||||||
I | 135/985 (14) | 43/334 (13) | 76/520 (15) | 16/131 (12) | ||||
II | 273/985 (28) | 101/334 (30) | 136/520 (26) | 36/131 (27) | ||||
III | 400/985 (41) | 130/334 (39) | 214/520 (41) | 56/131 (43) | ||||
IV | 177/985 (18) | 60/334 (18) | 94/520 (18) | 23/131 (18) | 0.88 | |||
Inotropes at surgery | 70 (7) | 21 (6) | 41 (8) | 8 (6) | 0.62 | |||
Nitrates at surgery | 28 (3) | 9 (3) | 15 (3) | 4 (3) | 0.97 | |||
Anticoagulation at surgery¶ | 171 (17) | 60 (18) | 88 (17) | 23 (17) | 0.92 | |||
Steroids at surgery | 25 (2) | 8 (2) | 16 (3) | 1 (1) | 0.33 | |||
Left main stem disease | 40 (4) | 10 (3) | 21 (4) | 9 (7) | 0.068 | 0.16 | ||
Triple vessel disease | 142 (14) | 36 (11) | 79 (15) | 0.065 | 27 (20) | 0.01 | 0.021 | |
EuroSCORE log | 14.7±14.5 | 14.7±14.4 | 14.6±14.7 | 15.6±14.4 | 0.79 | |||
EuroSCORE Additive | 8.5±3.1 | 8.5±3.0 | 8.4±3.2 | 8.7±3.1 | 0.75 |
Data are absolute values (percentages).
↵* Statistically significant difference vs no PPM group.
↵† Statistically significant difference vs moderate PPM group.
↵‡ Category consists of calcific, congenital, ‘other degenerative disease’ and ‘pathology not otherwise specified’.
↵§ Data available only for subset of patients as indicated by the denominator.
↵¶ Patient given warfarin, heparin or low molecular weight heparin ≤24 h prior to surgery.
BMI, body mass index; BSA, body surface area; CABG, coronary artery bypass grafting; CHF, congestive heart failure; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; EF, ejection fraction; PPM, patient–prosthesis mismatch.