Control (n=60) | HFNEF (n=112) | HFREF (n=175) | HFNEF versus HFREF | |
Circumferential ESS, (kdyne/cm2) | 126±32 | 170±62*** | 295±79*** | <0.001 |
Meridional ESS (kdyne/cm2) | 62±19 | 85±35** | 165±49*** | <0.001 |
PRSW (g/cm2) | 85±11 | 78±22* | 43±14*** | <0.001 |
cESS-corrected MWFS (%·cm2/kdyne·10−2) | 16.7±5.1 | 10.6±4.9*** | 3.5±1.7*** | <0.001 |
mESS-corrected FS (%·cm2/kdyne·10−2) | 72.5±29.4 | 52.1±36.3*** | 10.9±6.4*** | <0.001 |
Stress-corrected FS (% predicted from cESS) | 117±11 | 114±22 | 73±25*** | <0.001 |
Stress-corrected FS <80% of predicted (%) | 0 | 7 | 64*** | <0.001 |
Stress-corrected MWFS (% predicted from cESS) | 101±10 | 85±19*** | 60±20*** | <0.001 |
Stress-corrected MWFS <78% of predicted (%) | 0 | 34*** | 82*** | <0.001 |
Global two-dimensional strains | ||||
Circumferential strain (%) | 26.4±3.5 | 20.8±4.9*** | 9.5±3.3*** | <0.001 |
Circumferential strain·EDV index (ml/m2) | 15.0±3.0 | 12.4±4.8*** | 9.1±3.6*** | <0.001 |
cESS corrected-circumferential strain (%·cm2/kdyne·10−2) | 21.7±6.9 | 14.1±6.9*** | 3.5±1.6*** | <0.001 |
% below mean−2SD (<7.9%·cm2/kdyne·10−2) | 0 | 14 | 99 | |
Radial strain (%) | 44.5±10.2 | 32.9±10.6*** | 18.0±9.7*** | <0.001 |
Radial strain·EDV index (ml/m2) | 24.8±7.0 | 20.1±9.5** | 17.2±10.9*** | <0.05 |
cESS corrected-radial strain (%·cm2/kdyne·10−2) | 36.0±12.6 | 22.7±14.1*** | 6.7±4.1*** | <0.001 |
% below mean−2SD (<10.8%·cm2/kdyne·10−2) | 0 | 12 | 86 | |
Longitudinal strain (%) | 20.9±2.5 | 15.9±3.9*** | 9.6±3.6*** | <0.001 |
Longitudinal strain·EDV index (ml/m2) | 11.9±2.6 | 9.7±3.9** | 9.1±3.8*** | NS |
cESS corrected-longitudinal strain (%·cm2/kdyne·10−2) | 16.9±4.2 | 10.5±4.7*** | 3.5±1.8*** | <0.001 |
% below mean−2SD (<8.5%·cm2/kdyne·10−2) | 0 | 37 | 98 | |
mESS corrected-longitudinal strain (%·cm2/kdyne·10−2) | 34.9±9.8 | 21.9±10.7*** | 6.4±3.4*** | <0.001 |
% below mean−2SD (<15.3%·cm2/kdyne·10−2) | 0 | 32 | 97 | |
Torsional strain (degree) | 21.6±5.2 | 16.3±7.1*** | 8.2±5.3*** | <0.001 |
Torsional strain· (SV/EDV)(degree) | 14.6±3.8 | 10.0±4.8*** | 2.6±2.1*** | <0.001 |
cESS corrected−torsional strain (degree·cm2/kdyne·10−2) | 17.6±5.9 | 11.1±6.4*** | 3.0±2.1*** | <0.001 |
% below mean−2SD (<5.8 degree·cm2/kdyne·10−2) | 0 | 20 | 94 | |
% Patients with at least one component below mean−2SD | 0 | 50 | 99 |
Comparisons were adjusted for age, sex, and body surface area when appropriate.
*p<0.05; **p<0.01; ***p<0.001 versus control.
cESS, circumferential end-systolic stress; EDV, end-diastolic volume; FS, endocardial fractional shortening; HFNEF, heart failure with normal ejection fraction; HFREF, heart failure with reduced ejection fraction; mESS, meridional end-systolic stress; MWFS, mid-wall fractional shortening; PRSW, pre-load recruitable stroke work; SV, stroke volume.