Table 1

Characteristics of the studies included in the meta-analysis

Study	Year	Country	Design	Study population	Mean age (years)	Male (%)	N^‡	Mean time interval^*	ECHO method	Mean sPAP (ECHO) (mm Hg)	Mean sPAP (RHC) (mm Hg)	CC
Cardiac disease
Abaci et al42	1998	Turkey	PC	Valvular heart disease (n=35), Atrial septal defect (n=10)	54	40	45	2 h	TRJ + RAP (IVC)	50±15	50±14	0.90
Attaran et al43	2009	USA	RC	Heart transplant candidates (44% ischaemic CM, 53% dilated CM)	50	80	108	2.2 days	TRJ + RAP (IVC)	47±14	45±18	0.49
Lanzarini et al29 30	2002 2005	Italy	PC	Chronic heart failure patients (57% idiopathic, 24% ischaemic, 5% PH, 13% other) evaluated for transplant (lung or heart)	52	74	75/86 (87%)	24 h^¶	TRJ + RAP (IVC)	44±21	42±21	0.88
Mogollon et al38	2008	Spain	RC	Heart transplant patients undergoing RHC for evaluation of PH	NR	NR	67	NR	TRJ + RAP (IVC)	63±21	58±22	0.69
Penning et al41	2001	USA	RC	Pregnant patients with cardiac disease (35% ASD, 15% VSD, 15% PDA, 20% MS, 15% other) suspected of having PH	29	0	27	26 days	TRJ + RAP (IVC)	55±26	51±32	0.34^**
Skjaerpe and Hatle44	1986	Norway	PC	Patients with tricuspid regurgitation on ECHO (34% MS/MR, 16% AS/AR, 13% ASD, 37% other)	51	64	70	2 days^¶	TRJ + RAP (JVP)	NR	NR	0.96
Stein et al45	1997	USA	PC	Patients with NYHA class III/IV heart failure (48% ischaemic, 52% idiopathic) undergoing RHC for potential heart transplant	48	88	21/25 (84%)	Same time	TRJ + RAP (IVC)	NR	50±17	0.97
Thwaites et al46	1987	UK	PC	Patients undergoing routine RHC (38% rheumatic disease, 19% ischaemic disease, 14% MVP, 14% CM, 15% other)	55	57	16/21 (76%)	5 days^¶	TRJ + RAP (JVP)	45±22	49±24	0.96
Lung disease
Mixed causes
Arcasoy et al31	2003	USA	PC	Advanced lung disease referred for lung transplantation (68% COPD; 28% ILD; 4% PVD)	51	43	166/374 (44%)	72 h^¶	TRJ + RAP (IVC)	53±20	42±18	0.69
Ben-Dor et al47	2006	Israel	RC	Lung transplant candidates (42% COPD, 48% ILD, 10% other)	57	66	79/106 (75%)	65 days	TRJ + RAP (10)	40±10	44±8	0.80
Fisher et al48	2009	USA	PC	PH patients (24% IPAH, 40% PAH CTD, 36% other)	54	15	59/65 (91%)	1 h^¶	TRJ + RAP (IVC)	70±25	69±24	0.66
Haddad et al49	2009	USA	PC	Patients with established PAH (47% IPAH, 16% CTD, 25% stimulant, 12% other) undergoing RHC for routine care	49	31	48/51 (94%)	3 h^¶	TRJ + RAP (IVC)	80±22	85±24	0.97
Homma et al50	2001	USA	RC	Patients with PH (42% IPF, 42% PPH, 16% other) awaiting lung transplant	51	42	19	14 days^¶	TRJ + RAP (10)	76±29	75±23	0.50
Nogami et al51	2009	Japan	PC	Patients suspected of having PH (25% PPH, 65% chronic thromboembolic disease, 10% COPD)	60	65	20	30 days^¶	TRJ + RAP (IVC)	NR	NR	0.86
Selimovic et al52	2007	Sweden	PC	Patients with PH (48% IPF, 24% CTD, 38% other) evaluated for medical treatment or lung transplantation	NR	NR	22	Same time	TRJ + RAP (IVC)	72±19	73±22	0.94
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
Nathan et al40	2008	USA	RC	IPF patients being evaluated for lung transplant	63	55	60	32 days	TRJ + RAP (IVC)	NR	NR	NR
Swanson et al53	2008	USA	PC	Patients with IPF who were suspected of having PH (ECHO sPAP >40 mm Hg)	70	68	40	14 days^¶	TRJ + RAP (IVC)	64±17	57±17	0.66
Scleroderma
Denton et al32	1997	UK	PC	Scleroderma patients with clinical suspicion of PH	49	30	20/33 (61%)	54 days	TRJ + RAP (JVP)	NR	NR	0.83
Hsu et al34	2008	USA	PC	Scleroderma patients with clinical suspicion of PH	55	18	49	4 h^¶	TRJ + RAP (10)	NR	NR	0.50^†
Mukerjee et al39	2004	UK	PC	Systemic sclerosis patients being evaluated for PH	63	NR	137	90 days^¶	TRJ + RAP (IVC)	42	38^†	0.45
COPD
Fisher et al33	2007	USA	PC	Emphysema patients being evaluated for lung volume reduction surgery	66	60	63/163 (39%)	23 dayd	TRJ + RAP (IVC)	39±10	37±7	0.23
Laaban et al36	1989	France	PC	COPD patients referred for RHC	63	78	27/41 (66%)	2 days^¶	TRJ + RAP (5)	NR	39±15	0.65
Matsuyama et al37	2001	Japan	PC	COPD patients (92% emphysema, 8% chronic bronchitis)	66	94	35/64 (55%)	NR	TRJ + RAP (IVC)	NR	NR	0.83^†
Tramarin et al54	1991	Italy	PC	Patients with COPD	58	88	30/100 (30%)	72 h^¶	TRJ + RAP (JVP)	NR	25±10^†	0.68
Mixed cardiac and lung disease
Chan et al55	1987	USA	PC	Patients in whom RHC indicated (10% PH, 38% valvular disease; 8% dilated CM, 12% CAD, 32% other)	49	46	36/50 (72%)	Same time	TRJ + RAP (JVP/14)^§	NR	NR	0.87
Kim et al35	2000	USA	PC	Liver transplant candidates	54	50	74	59 h	TRJ + RAP (IVC)	52	47	0.78
Wylie et al56	2007	USA	RC	Pregnant patients who had undergone RHC (28% CM; 17% congenital heart disease, 17% PPH, 38% other)	30	0	18	NR	TRJ + RAP (IVC)	57±26^††	54±33^††	0.79
Yock and Popp8	1984	USA	PC	Patients suspected of having elevated right-sided pressures based on historical, physical and imaging modalities (47% CM, 24% rheumatic disease, 39% other)	50	56%	54/62 (87%)	24 h^¶	TRJ + RAP (JVP)	NR	NR	0.93

↵* Time interval between right heart catheterisation (RHC) and echocardiogram (ECHO).
↵† Mean pulmonary arterial pressure (PAP) instead of systolic pulmonary arterial pressure (sPAP).
↵‡ Number of patients in whom ECHO possible over total number of patients in study (only mean systolic PAP by ECHO based on ECHO patients whereas all other values based on total population).
↵§ Both jugular venous pressure (JVP) and fixed value of 14 mm Hg used to estimate right atrial pressure (RAP).
↵¶ RHC done within this time period (not mean time).
↵** Calculated from raw data.
↵†† Calculated value based on 21 measurements on 18 patients.
AR, aortic regurgitation; AS, aortic stenosis; ASD, atrial septal defect; CAD, coronary artery disease; CC, correlation coefficent; CM, cardiomyopathy; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CTD, connective tissue disease; ILD, interstitial lung disease; IPAH, idiopathic pulmonary arterial pressure; IPF, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis; IVC, inferior vena cava; MCTD, mixed connective tissue disease; MR, mitral regurgitation; MS, mitral stenosis; MVP, mitral valve prolapse; N, number of patients; n, number patients; NR, not recorded; NYHA, New York Heart Association; PAH, pulmonary arterial pressure; PC, prospective cohort; PDA, patent ductus arteriosus; PH, pulmonary hypertension; PPH, primary PH; PVD, peripheral vascular disease; RAP, right atrial pressure (based on fixed value (ie, 10 mm Hg) or by inspiratory collapse of IVC or assessment of JVP); RC, retrospective cohort; RHC, right heart catheterisation; RVSP, right ventricular systolic pressure; TRJ, maximum tricuspid regurgitation jet velocity; VSD, ventricular septal defect.