Characteristics of the studies included in the meta-analysis
Study | Year | Country | Design | Study population | Mean age (years) | Male (%) | N‡ | Mean time interval* | ECHO method | Mean sPAP (ECHO) (mm Hg) | Mean sPAP (RHC) (mm Hg) | CC |
Cardiac disease | ||||||||||||
Abaci et al42 | 1998 | Turkey | PC | Valvular heart disease (n=35), Atrial septal defect (n=10) | 54 | 40 | 45 | 2 h | TRJ + RAP (IVC) | 50±15 | 50±14 | 0.90 |
Attaran et al43 | 2009 | USA | RC | Heart transplant candidates (44% ischaemic CM, 53% dilated CM) | 50 | 80 | 108 | 2.2 days | TRJ + RAP (IVC) | 47±14 | 45±18 | 0.49 |
Lanzarini et al29 30 | 2002 2005 | Italy | PC | Chronic heart failure patients (57% idiopathic, 24% ischaemic, 5% PH, 13% other) evaluated for transplant (lung or heart) | 52 | 74 | 75/86 (87%) | 24 h¶ | TRJ + RAP (IVC) | 44±21 | 42±21 | 0.88 |
Mogollon et al38 | 2008 | Spain | RC | Heart transplant patients undergoing RHC for evaluation of PH | NR | NR | 67 | NR | TRJ + RAP (IVC) | 63±21 | 58±22 | 0.69 |
Penning et al41 | 2001 | USA | RC | Pregnant patients with cardiac disease (35% ASD, 15% VSD, 15% PDA, 20% MS, 15% other) suspected of having PH | 29 | 0 | 27 | 26 days | TRJ + RAP (IVC) | 55±26 | 51±32 | 0.34** |
Skjaerpe and Hatle44 | 1986 | Norway | PC | Patients with tricuspid regurgitation on ECHO (34% MS/MR, 16% AS/AR, 13% ASD, 37% other) | 51 | 64 | 70 | 2 days¶ | TRJ + RAP (JVP) | NR | NR | 0.96 |
Stein et al45 | 1997 | USA | PC | Patients with NYHA class III/IV heart failure (48% ischaemic, 52% idiopathic) undergoing RHC for potential heart transplant | 48 | 88 | 21/25 (84%) | Same time | TRJ + RAP (IVC) | NR | 50±17 | 0.97 |
Thwaites et al46 | 1987 | UK | PC | Patients undergoing routine RHC (38% rheumatic disease, 19% ischaemic disease, 14% MVP, 14% CM, 15% other) | 55 | 57 | 16/21 (76%) | 5 days¶ | TRJ + RAP (JVP) | 45±22 | 49±24 | 0.96 |
Lung disease | ||||||||||||
Mixed causes | ||||||||||||
Arcasoy et al31 | 2003 | USA | PC | Advanced lung disease referred for lung transplantation (68% COPD; 28% ILD; 4% PVD) | 51 | 43 | 166/374 (44%) | 72 h¶ | TRJ + RAP (IVC) | 53±20 | 42±18 | 0.69 |
Ben-Dor et al47 | 2006 | Israel | RC | Lung transplant candidates (42% COPD, 48% ILD, 10% other) | 57 | 66 | 79/106 (75%) | 65 days | TRJ + RAP (10) | 40±10 | 44±8 | 0.80 |
Fisher et al48 | 2009 | USA | PC | PH patients (24% IPAH, 40% PAH CTD, 36% other) | 54 | 15 | 59/65 (91%) | 1 h¶ | TRJ + RAP (IVC) | 70±25 | 69±24 | 0.66 |
Haddad et al49 | 2009 | USA | PC | Patients with established PAH (47% IPAH, 16% CTD, 25% stimulant, 12% other) undergoing RHC for routine care | 49 | 31 | 48/51 (94%) | 3 h¶ | TRJ + RAP (IVC) | 80±22 | 85±24 | 0.97 |
Homma et al50 | 2001 | USA | RC | Patients with PH (42% IPF, 42% PPH, 16% other) awaiting lung transplant | 51 | 42 | 19 | 14 days¶ | TRJ + RAP (10) | 76±29 | 75±23 | 0.50 |
Nogami et al51 | 2009 | Japan | PC | Patients suspected of having PH (25% PPH, 65% chronic thromboembolic disease, 10% COPD) | 60 | 65 | 20 | 30 days¶ | TRJ + RAP (IVC) | NR | NR | 0.86 |
Selimovic et al52 | 2007 | Sweden | PC | Patients with PH (48% IPF, 24% CTD, 38% other) evaluated for medical treatment or lung transplantation | NR | NR | 22 | Same time | TRJ + RAP (IVC) | 72±19 | 73±22 | 0.94 |
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis | ||||||||||||
Nathan et al40 | 2008 | USA | RC | IPF patients being evaluated for lung transplant | 63 | 55 | 60 | 32 days | TRJ + RAP (IVC) | NR | NR | NR |
Swanson et al53 | 2008 | USA | PC | Patients with IPF who were suspected of having PH (ECHO sPAP >40 mm Hg) | 70 | 68 | 40 | 14 days¶ | TRJ + RAP (IVC) | 64±17 | 57±17 | 0.66 |
Scleroderma | ||||||||||||
Denton et al32 | 1997 | UK | PC | Scleroderma patients with clinical suspicion of PH | 49 | 30 | 20/33 (61%) | 54 days | TRJ + RAP (JVP) | NR | NR | 0.83 |
Hsu et al34 | 2008 | USA | PC | Scleroderma patients with clinical suspicion of PH | 55 | 18 | 49 | 4 h¶ | TRJ + RAP (10) | NR | NR | 0.50† |
Mukerjee et al39 | 2004 | UK | PC | Systemic sclerosis patients being evaluated for PH | 63 | NR | 137 | 90 days¶ | TRJ + RAP (IVC) | 42 | 38† | 0.45 |
COPD | ||||||||||||
Fisher et al33 | 2007 | USA | PC | Emphysema patients being evaluated for lung volume reduction surgery | 66 | 60 | 63/163 (39%) | 23 dayd | TRJ + RAP (IVC) | 39±10 | 37±7 | 0.23 |
Laaban et al36 | 1989 | France | PC | COPD patients referred for RHC | 63 | 78 | 27/41 (66%) | 2 days¶ | TRJ + RAP (5) | NR | 39±15 | 0.65 |
Matsuyama et al37 | 2001 | Japan | PC | COPD patients (92% emphysema, 8% chronic bronchitis) | 66 | 94 | 35/64 (55%) | NR | TRJ + RAP (IVC) | NR | NR | 0.83† |
Tramarin et al54 | 1991 | Italy | PC | Patients with COPD | 58 | 88 | 30/100 (30%) | 72 h¶ | TRJ + RAP (JVP) | NR | 25±10† | 0.68 |
Mixed cardiac and lung disease | ||||||||||||
Chan et al55 | 1987 | USA | PC | Patients in whom RHC indicated (10% PH, 38% valvular disease; 8% dilated CM, 12% CAD, 32% other) | 49 | 46 | 36/50 (72%) | Same time | TRJ + RAP (JVP/14)§ | NR | NR | 0.87 |
Kim et al35 | 2000 | USA | PC | Liver transplant candidates | 54 | 50 | 74 | 59 h | TRJ + RAP (IVC) | 52 | 47 | 0.78 |
Wylie et al56 | 2007 | USA | RC | Pregnant patients who had undergone RHC (28% CM; 17% congenital heart disease, 17% PPH, 38% other) | 30 | 0 | 18 | NR | TRJ + RAP (IVC) | 57±26†† | 54±33†† | 0.79 |
Yock and Popp8 | 1984 | USA | PC | Patients suspected of having elevated right-sided pressures based on historical, physical and imaging modalities (47% CM, 24% rheumatic disease, 39% other) | 50 | 56% | 54/62 (87%) | 24 h¶ | TRJ + RAP (JVP) | NR | NR | 0.93 |
↵* Time interval between right heart catheterisation (RHC) and echocardiogram (ECHO).
↵† Mean pulmonary arterial pressure (PAP) instead of systolic pulmonary arterial pressure (sPAP).
↵‡ Number of patients in whom ECHO possible over total number of patients in study (only mean systolic PAP by ECHO based on ECHO patients whereas all other values based on total population).
↵§ Both jugular venous pressure (JVP) and fixed value of 14 mm Hg used to estimate right atrial pressure (RAP).
↵¶ RHC done within this time period (not mean time).
↵** Calculated from raw data.
↵†† Calculated value based on 21 measurements on 18 patients.
AR, aortic regurgitation; AS, aortic stenosis; ASD, atrial septal defect; CAD, coronary artery disease; CC, correlation coefficent; CM, cardiomyopathy; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CTD, connective tissue disease; ILD, interstitial lung disease; IPAH, idiopathic pulmonary arterial pressure; IPF, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis; IVC, inferior vena cava; MCTD, mixed connective tissue disease; MR, mitral regurgitation; MS, mitral stenosis; MVP, mitral valve prolapse; N, number of patients; n, number patients; NR, not recorded; NYHA, New York Heart Association; PAH, pulmonary arterial pressure; PC, prospective cohort; PDA, patent ductus arteriosus; PH, pulmonary hypertension; PPH, primary PH; PVD, peripheral vascular disease; RAP, right atrial pressure (based on fixed value (ie, 10 mm Hg) or by inspiratory collapse of IVC or assessment of JVP); RC, retrospective cohort; RHC, right heart catheterisation; RVSP, right ventricular systolic pressure; TRJ, maximum tricuspid regurgitation jet velocity; VSD, ventricular septal defect.