Total cohort | 1133 (100) | 37.3 (18.6) | |
Gender |
Female | 176 (15.5) | 39.5 (20.6) | 0.12 |
Male | 957 (84.5) | 36.9 (18.2) |
Age at baseline (years) |
30–49 | 173 (15.3) | 33.0 (14.1) | <0.0001 |
50–59 | 332 (29.3) | 36.6 (17.9) |
≥60 | 628 (55.4) | 38.8 (19.9) |
Duration of school education (years) |
<10 (basic education) | 677 (60.1) | 37.0 (19.8) | 0.61 |
≥10 (higher education) | 449 (39.9) | 37.6 (16.8) |
Family status |
Other | 200 (17.7) | 37.8 (16.5) | 0.63 |
Married | 932 (82.3) | 37.2 (19.1) |
History of smoking |
Never-smoker | 349 (30.8) | 38.5 (20.7) | 0.39 |
Ex-smoker | 721 (63.6) | 36.7 (17.9) |
Current smoker | 63 (5.6) | 37.1 (13.8) |
Body mass index (kg/m2) |
<25 | 303 (26.8) | 37.8 (17.5) | 0.08 |
25–30 | 654 (57.8) | 36.1 (17.0) |
>30 | 175 (15.5) | 40.1 (23.7) |
History of diabetes |
No | 924 (82.2) | 37.2 (17.9) | 0.93 |
Yes | 200 (17.8) | 37.3 (21.8) |
History of hypertension |
No | 504 (44.8) | 34.7 (16.1) | <0.0001 |
Yes | 622 (55.2) | 39.3 (20.2) |
Treatment with diuretics |
No | 854 (75.6) | 35.0 (14.3) | <0.0001 |
Yes | 276 (24.4) | 44.6 (26.9) |
Treatment with aspirin |
No | 142 (12.6) | 41.1 (22.2) | 0.03 |
Yes | 988 (87.4) | 36.7 (18.0) |
Treatment with ACE inhibitors |
No | 524 (46.4) | 36.2 (17.7) | 0.07 |
Yes | 606 (53.6) | 38.2 (19.4) |
Treatment with β-blockers |
No | 151 (13.4) | 37.9 (18.2) | 0.65 |
Yes | 979 (86.6) | 37.2 (18.7) |
Treatment with lipid-lowering drugs |
No | 260 (23.0) | 40.2 (21.0) | 0.009 |
Yes | 870 (77.0) | 36.4 (17.8) |
Treatment with calcium antagonists |
No | 1033 (91.4) | 37.3 (18.8) | 0.86 |
Yes | 97 (8.6) | 37.6 (16.6) |
No of affected vessels |
0–1 | 293 (27.3) | 35.2 (15.0) | 0.06 |
2 | 303 (28.2) | 37.6 (17.8) |
3–4 | 479 (44.6) | 38.1 (20.8) |
Ventricular function‡ |
No to mild impairment | 808 (78.0) | 36.1 (17.3) | <0.0001 |
Moderate to severe impairment | 228 (22.0) | 42.8 (23.6) |
Season of blood draw§ |
Spring | 435 (38.7) | 39.6 (20.1) | <0.0001 |
Summer | 249 (22.2) | 36.3 (15.4) |
Autumn | 207 (18.4) | 30.3 (17.2) |
Winter | 233 (20.7) | 40.4 (18.9) |