Diet | Particularly processed foods, fruit and vegetables, caffeine and low sodium salt |
Renin–angiotensin system (RAS) blockade | Fall in glomerular filtration rate and hypoaldosteronism |
β-blockade | Suppression of renin release, reduction of cellular uptake mediated by β2 receptors |
Heparin | Inhibition of aldosterone synthesis |
Low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) | Likely aldosterone independent effect on potassium metabolism |
Digoxin | Impaired cellular uptake and reduced renal excretion |
Calcineurin inhibitor (CNI) | Inhibition of Na-K-ATPase pumps; ciclosporin also induces hypoaldosteronism |
Diabetes mellitus | Impaired insulin mediated tubular excretion and cellular uptake |
Co-trimoxazole | Trimethoprim carries structural similarities to amiloride |