Table 2

Comparison of haemodynamic and echocardiographic variables at rest and during exercise between groups

	No EIPH (n=327)	EIPH (n=171)		Overall p value^*
	No EIPH (n=327)	Normal exercise E/Ea (n=122)	Elevated exercise E/Ea (n=49)	Overall p value^*
Exercise duration (s)	620±197	517±154^†	462±130^† ^‡	<0.001
Peak RER	1.18±0.10	1.16±0.10	1.13±0.09^†	0.192
METs	6.2±1.3	5.5±1.1^†	4.8±0.9^† ^‡	<0.001
Peak Vo₂ (ml/kg/ml)	19.9±5.7	18.3±5.1^†	16.5±5.0^† ^‡	<0.001
VE/Vco₂ slope	24.0±7.2	25.1±7.8	26.5±6.8^†	0.107
Systolic BP (mm Hg)
At rest	125.8±17.3	129.0±19.0	130.0±15.4	0.086
25 W exercise	143.2±19.8	152.2±21.6^†	154.5±23.0^†	<0.001
50 W exercise	154.4±21.7	168.7±23.4^†	172.1±23.5^†	<0.001
Diastolic BP (mm Hg)
At rest	75.5±10.8	76.6±11.4	73.0±10.9	0.146
25 W exercise	81.9±13.9	84.7±12.8^†	82.2±15.8	0.153
50 W exercise	86.5±12.7	90.0±13.3^†	89.7±18.4	0.029
Heart rate (beats/min)
At rest	63.2±9.1	63.5±9.2	62.0±8.6	0.595
25 W exercise	86.6±10.5	90.7±11.0^†	89.5±12.6	0.001
50 W exercise	98.2±11.8	103.9±12.8^†	103.6±14.0^†	<0.001
LVEDD (mm)	48.8±3.5	48.7±3.7	48.4±4.2	0.751
LVESD (mm)	32.1±3.9	31.4±3.2	31.6±4.4	0.192
LV ejection fraction (%)	67.0±5.3	68.0±5.5	67.6±6.5	0.132
LV mass index (g/m²)	93.5±19.7	96.5±23.0	104.7±29.8^†	0.009
LA volume index (ml/m²)	23.5±6.1	24.8±6.6	28.9±9.3^† ^‡	<0.001
Stroke volume (ml)
At rest	69.0±14.1	70.3±13.6	69.5±13.1	0.685
25 W exercise	76.4±15.4	76.0±15.8	72.8±13.0	0.350
50 W exercise	78.2±15.3	77.5±15.0	75.4±14.3	0.494
Cardiac output (litres)
At rest	4.3±1.0	4.4±0.9	4.3±0.7	0.806
25 W exercise	6.6±1.4	6.8±1.3	6.5±1.2	0.498
50 W exercise	7.7±1.5	7.9±1.4	7.7±1.4	0.451
E velocity (cm/s)
At rest	64.0±13.9	65.3±15.1	71.5±18.0^† ^‡	0.004
25 W exercise	91.1±16.8	93.8±22.3	102.2±25.0^† ^‡	0.001
50 W exercise	104.2±19.0	107.1±22.0	124.7±25.0^† ^‡	<0.001
Deceleration time (ms)
At rest	198.0±35.6	203.8±42.7	217.6±48.2^†	0.003
25 W exercise	153.5±28.7	155.8±31.0	161.5±32.2	0.197
50 W exercise	140.6±27.0	136.3±26.9	139.0±24.7	0.362
Ea velocity (cm/s)
At rest	6.9±2.3	6.4±2.1^†	4.6±1.1^† ^‡	<0.001
25 W exercise	9.1±2.5	8.8±2.4	6.2±1.6^† ^‡	<0.001
50 W exercise	9.9±2.6	9.9±2.6	6.7±1.5^† ^‡	<0.001
Sa velocity (cm/s)
At rest	6.8±1.2	6.6±1.1	5.9±1.2^† ^‡	<0.001
25 W exercise	7.6±1.4	7.4±1.3	6.6±1.6^† ^‡	<0.001
50 W exercise	8.5±1.7	8.6±1.6	7.5±1.6^† ^‡	<0.001
E/Ea
At rest	9.9±2.9	10.8±3.0^†	16.1±4.7^† ^‡	<0.001
25 W exercise	10.7±3.2	11.1±2.3	17.3±5.1^† ^‡	<0.001
50 W exercise	11.1±3.1	11.3±2.2	18.6±4.4^† ^‡	<0.001
TR velocity (m/s)
At rest	2.1±0.2	2.3±0.3^†	2.4±0.3^†	<0.001
25 W exercise	2.5±3.1	3.1±0.3^†	3.1±0.3^†	<0.001
50 W exercise	2.7±0.3	3.4±0.3^†	3.5±0.2^†	<0.001
PASP (mm Hg)
At rest	22.4±3.8	27.1±4.6^†	28.6±6.5^†	<0.001
25 W exercise	30.9±6.2	43.4±7.1^†	44.8±8.3^†	<0.001
50 W exercise	40.0±6.6	57.0±9.1^†	58.2±7.0^†	<0.001
O₂ saturation (%)
At rest	97.0±1.5	96.7±3.0	96.6±1.5	0.095
25 W exercise	96.7±1.6	96.2±2.9	95.5±2.0^†	0.001
50 W exercise	96.5±1.6	95.9±4.4	95.5±2.2^†	0.022
PVR	1.55±0.61	1.79±0.58^†	1.79±0.68^†	0.003

Values are mean±SD.
↵* p<0.05 is considered significant.
↵† p<0.05 versus no EIPH group.
↵‡ p<0.05 versus EIPH with normal exercise E/Ea group.
BP, blood pressure; E, early diastolic mitral inflow; Ea, early diastolic mitral annular; EIPH, exercise-induced pulmonary hypertension; LA, left atrial; LV, left ventricular; LVEDD, left ventricular end-diastolic dimension; LVESD, left ventricular end-systolic dimension; METS, metabolic equivalents; PASP, pulmonary artery systolic pressure; PVR, pulmonary vascular resistance; RER, respiratory exchange ratio; Sa, systolic mitral annular; TR, tricuspid regurgitation.