Descriptive statistics by type 2 diabetes status* at baseline (Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities study, 1990–2)
| Total (n=13 025) | No diabetes (n=4390) | Pre-diabetes (n=6693) | Diagnosed diabetes (n=959) | Undiagnosed diabetes (n=983) | |
| Age (years) | 57.0 (5.7) | 56.1 (5.6) | 57.2 (5.7) | 58.6 (5.6) | 57.8 (5.7) |
| Race (% African-American) | 22.9 | 15.0 | 23.4 | 39.7 | 38.9 |
| Gender (% female) | 55.9 | 66.0 | 49.6 | 55.9 | 52.9 |
| Income (%) | |||||
| <$16 000 | 18.7 | 13.6 | 18.4 | 35.1 | 28.1 |
| $16 000–<35 000 | 31.5 | 30.5 | 31.9 | 32.6 | 33.1 |
| $35 000–<50 000 | 19.2 | 21.6 | 19.0 | 14.4 | 14.9 |
| $50 000+ | 24.9 | 28.9 | 25.2 | 11.8 | 17.3 |
| Unknown/refused | 5.7 | 5.5 | 5.6 | 6.1 | 6.7 |
| Education (%) | |||||
| < High school | 21.0 | 14.7 | 21.7 | 34.7 | 30.6 |
| College level | 42.0 | 44.2 | 41.1 | 40.3 | 39.5 |
| Graduate level | 37.1 | 41.1 | 37.2 | 25.0 | 29.9 |
| Cigarette smoking (%) | |||||
| Current | 21.9 | 20.8 | 23.2 | 18.7 | 21.6 |
| Former | 38.1 | 35.8 | 39.3 | 37.9 | 40.4 |
| Never | 40.0 | 43.4 | 37.5 | 43.5 | 38.1 |
| Fasting serum glucose (mg/dl) | 112.2 (38.1) | 93.1 (4.7) | 107.0 (7.4) | 199.7 (80.9) | 147.0 (43.4) |
| Fasting insulin* (pmol/l) | 88.7 (153.6) | 59.3 (44.8) | 80.8 (59.2) | 243.8 (502.8) | 124.8 (82.3) |
| HbA1c levels (%) | 5.7 (1.1) | 5.2 (0.3) | 5.5 (0.4) | 8.3 (2.2) | 6.7 (1.3) |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 28.0 (5.4) | 26.0 (4.5) | 28.2 (5.2) | 31.0 (6.0) | 31.4 (5.9) |
| Systolic BP (mm Hg) | 121.4 (18.7) | 117.2 (18.0) | 122.1 (18.1) | 128.2 (20.1) | 128.1 (18.9) |
| Hypertension medication (%) | 32.1 | 21.4 | 32.6 | 58.5 | 50.5 |
| Prior coronary heart disease (%) | 5.5 | 3.8 | 5.3 | 12.9 | 7.7 |
Values correspond to mean (SD) unless otherwise stated.
No diabetes defined as fasting serum glucose (FSG) <100 mg/dl, HbA1c <5.7%, no use of diabetic medication and no history of physician-diagnosed diabetes. Pre-diabetes defined as FSG 100–125 mg/dl or HbA1c 5.7–6.4%, no use of diabetic medication and no history of physician-diagnosed diabetes. Diabetes defined as FSG ≥126 mg/dl or HbA1c >6.5% or use of diabetic medication or history of physician-diagnosed diabetes. Undiagnosed diabetes defined as FSG ≥126 mg/dl or HbA1c >6.5% but no history of diabetic medication usage or physician-diagnosed diabetes.
↵* Insulin available at visit 1 (1987–9).
BP, blood pressure.