Baseline characteristics of the participants
| Controls (n=50) | First-degree relatives (n=50) | Patients with CAD (n=50) | |
| Age, years | 45.6±6.6 | 45.6±7.9 | 46.0±3.6 |
| Male gender, n (%) | 27 (54) | 27 (54) | 27 (54) |
| Smoking, n (%) | 10 (20) | 19 (38)* | 28 (56)* |
| SBP, mm Hg | 125.2±15.6 | 129.7±11.3 | 130.7±18.5 |
| DBP, mm Hg | 79.4±9.9 | 82.6±8.8 | 84.8±10.4* |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 23.0±4.4 | 23.7±3.9 | 24.4±5.0 |
| Glucose, mmol/l | 5.1±0.4 | 5.2±0.7 | 5.5±0.8* † |
| Total cholesterol, mmol/l | 5.0±0.8 | 5.4±0.9* | 4.2±1.0* † |
| HDL-cholesterol, mmol/l | 1.5±0.4 | 1.4±0.4 | 1.2±0.3* † |
| LDL-cholesterol, mmol/l | 3.1±0.7 | 3.5±0.9* | 2.2±0.7* † |
| Triglycerides, mmol/l | 1.0±0.5 | 1.1±0.6 | 2.1±3.8* † |
| Creatinine, mmol/l | 72.9±11.2 | 72.5±11.9 | 70.7±13.6 |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 0 (0) | 6 (12) | 10 (20)* |
| Hypercholesterolaemia, n (%) | 0 (0) | 7 (14)* | 11 (22)* † |
| Framingham risk score | 2.3 (1.2; 3.3) | 3.2 (1.2; 4.8) | – |
| Medication use | |||
| Antihypertensive, n (%) | 0 (0) | 5 (10) | 46 (92)* † |
| Cholesterol lowering, n (%) | 0 (0) | 6 (12) | 46 (92)* † |
| PWV, m/s | 7.5±1.2 | 8.2±1.9 | 9.6±2.9* † |
| PWV >12 m/s, n (%) | 0 (0) | 3 (6) | 10 (20)* † |
Continuous data are expressed as mean±SD except for the Framingham risk score, which is expressed as median (25th; 75th percentiles), categorical data as absolute numbers with (percentages).
↵* p<0.05 compared with controls.
↵† p<0.05 compared with first-degree relatives.
BMI, body mass index; CAD, coronary artery disease; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; PWV, pulse-wave velocity; SBP, systolic blood pressure.