Baseline demographics and clinical characteristics
| Patient characteristics | Value |
| Sex (% male) | 66 |
| Age (years) (mean±SD) | 77±10 |
| Ethnicity (Caucasian) (%) | 98 |
| Clinical care (mean±SD) | |
| Time in heart failure service (months) | 18.4±17.2 |
| Time since diagnosis (months) | 24.6±23.7 |
| Admissions in the previous year (n) | 1.1±1.2 |
| Days spent in hospital the previous year (n) | 18±23.6 |
| CHF aetiology (% (n)) | |
| Ischaemic heart disease | 68 (94) |
| Hypertension | 20 (27) |
| Dilated cardiomyopathy | 2 (3) |
| Unknown/valve disease | 10 (14) |
| NYHA class (% (n)) | |
| III | 74 (102) |
| IIIb* | 21 (29) |
| IV | 5 (7) |
| Left ventricular dysfunction (% (n)) | |
| Mild | 19 (26) |
| Moderate | 36 (50) |
| Severe | 45 (62) |
| Comorbidities (% (n)) | |
| Previous MI | 40 (56) |
| COPD | 19 (26) |
| Cancer | 7 (10) |
| Dementia | 1 (2) |
| Atrial fibrillation | 45 (62) |
| Chronic kidney disease (eGFR ml/min/1.73 m2) (% (n)) | |
| Stage 0–2 (≥60) | 23 (32) |
| Stage 3 (30–45) | 55 (76) |
| Stage 4 (15–29) | 20 (27) |
| Stage 5 (<15) | 2 (3) |
| Medications (% (n)) | |
| ACE inhibitor/ARB | 75 (103) |
| β blocker | 59 (82) |
| Spironolactone/eplerenone | 39 (52) |
↵* Seattle Heart Failure Model defines NYHA class IIIb = patient normally in class III with a recent admission for heart failure symptoms.
ACE, angiotensin converting enzyme; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker; CHF, chronic heart failure; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate (ml/min/1.73 m2); MI, myocardial infarction; NYHA, New York Heart Association.