Multivariate HRs and 95% CIs for MI and stroke incidence and CVD mortality by quartile of dairy and non-dairy calcium intake, the EPIC-Heidelberg cohort, 1994–2010
| Quartile* | No of cases | HR and 95% CI | ||
| Model A | Model B | |||
| Dairy calcium | ||||
| MI incidence | 1 (low) | 104 | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) |
| 2 | 91 | 0.91 (0.68 to 1.21) | 0.89 (0.66 to 1.20) | |
| 3 | 71 | 0.68 (0.50 to 0.93) | 0.64 (0.46 to 0.90) | |
| 4 (high) | 88 | 0.77 (0.57 to 1.05) | 0.77 (0.56 to 1.07) | |
| ptrend | 0.07 | 0.10 | ||
| Stroke incidence | 1 (low) | 71 | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) |
| 2 | 66 | 1.01 (0.72 to 1.42) | 0.97 (0.67 to 1.40) | |
| 3 | 58 | 0.91 (0.64 to 1.31) | 0.88 (0.60 to 1.31) | |
| 4 (high) | 65 | 1.01 (0.70 to 1.47) | 1.04 (0.70 to 1.55) | |
| ptrend | 0.91 | 0.90 | ||
| CVD mortality | 1 (low) | 70 | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) |
| 2 | 65 | 1.07 (0.76 to 1.50) | 1.17 (0.81 to 1.69) | |
| 3 | 63 | 1.07 (0.76 to 1.53) | 1.15 (0.78 to 1.67) | |
| 4 (high) | 69 | 1.09 (0.76 to 1.58) | 1.16 (0.78 to 1.72) | |
| Ptrend | 0.70 | 0.56 | ||
| Non-dairy calcium | ||||
| MI incidence | 1 (low) | 98 | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) |
| 2 | 84 | 0.93 (0.69 to 1.25) | 0.94 (0.68 to 1.28) | |
| 3 | 73 | 0.85 (0.62 to 1.16) | 0.82 (0.59 to 1.15) | |
| 4 (high) | 99 | 1.15 (0.86 to 1.55) | 1.22 (0.90 to 1.67) | |
| ptrend | 0.40 | 0.24 | ||
| Stroke incidence | 1 (low) | 68 | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) |
| 2 | 53 | 0.84 (0.58 to 1.20) | 0.91 (0.62 to 1.35) | |
| 3 | 61 | 0.99 (0.70 to 1.42) | 1.01 (0.68 to 1.49) | |
| 4 (high) | 78 | 1.26 (0.89 to 1.77) | 1.35 (0.93 to 1.95) | |
| ptrend | 0.08 | 0.07 | ||
| CVD mortality | 1 (low) | 87 | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) |
| 2 | 59 | 0.77 (0.55 to 1.08) | 0.73 (0.51 to 1.05) | |
| 3 | 58 | 0.80 (0.57 to 1.13) | 0.82 (0.57 to 1.17) | |
| 4 (high) | 63 | 0.89 (0.63 to 1.25) | 0.81 (0.56 to 1.17) | |
| ptrend | 0.53 | 0.32 | ||
Model A: adjusted for sex, age at recruitment, educational level, physical activity, BMI, smoking categories, lifetime alcohol intake, energy-adjusted dietary vitamin D, saturated fatty acid and total protein intake, total energy intake, self-reported diabetes mellitus at recruitment and use of calcium supplements. Dairy calcium intake and non-dairy calcium intake were also mutually adjusted for.
Model B: cardiovascular events that occurred in the first 2 years of follow-up were excluded.
↵* For dairy calcium intake, the cut-off points were 236, 372 and 552 mg/day for men and 283, 410 and 572 mg/day for women. For non-dairy calcium intake, the cut-off points were 319, 359 and 404 mg/day for men and 280, 316 and 357 mg/day for women.
BMI, body mass index; CVD, cardiovascular disease; EPIC, European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition; MI, myocardial infarction.