Structural limits of the normal athlete's heart by age, race, and gender with clinical cut-offs provided (in brackets) for which further evaluation may be considered due to the possibility of underlying pathology9 14 15 21 w5 27 28
| Adolescent Caucasian | Adult Caucasian | Adolescent Afro-Caribbean | Adult Afro-Caribbean | |
| Males | ||||
| LVWT (mm) | 6–13 (>12) | 7–14 (>12) | 6–14 (>12) | 8–16 (>14) |
| LVIDd (mm) | 45–60 (>60) | 42–66 (>60) | 35–62 (>60) | 44–64 (>60) |
| LV mass (g) | 42–465 | 113–489 | 109–329 | 113–618 |
| LVEDV (ml) | 180–340 (>330) | |||
| LVEF (%) | 41–77 (<45) | 50–76 (<50%) | ||
| LA diameter | 25–41 (>40) | 23–50 (>45) | 25–44 (>40) | |
| RVEDV (ml) | 200–390 (>375) | |||
| RVEF (%) | 40–58 (<45) | |||
| Females | ||||
| LVWT (mm) | 6–11 (>10) | 6–11 (>10) | 6–12 (>11) | |
| LVIDd (mm) | 41–55 (>55) | –40 to 62 (>55) | −39 to 60 (>55) | |
| LV mass (g) | 54–268 | 86–293 | 95–322 | |
| LVEDV (ml) | 140–260 (>260) | |||
| LVEF (%) | 44–76 (<45) | 41–78 (<45) | ||
| LA diam | 22–46 (>40) | 21–41 (>40) | ||
| RVEDV (ml) | 150–290 (>280) | |||
| RVEF (%) | 40–67 (<45) | |||
The absence of data in many categories is notable, while reference ranges in other ethnic groups is even more scarce.
Range = mean±2SD.
LA, left atrium; LV, left ventricular; LVEDV, left ventricular end-diastolic volume; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; LVWT, left ventricular wall thickness; LVIDd, left ventricular internal diameter at end diastole; RVEDV, right ventricular end-diastolic volume; RVEF, right ventricular ejection faction.