Multivariate HRs and 95% CIs for MI and stroke incidence and CVD mortality by calcium supplementation status, the EPIC-Heidelberg cohort, 1994–2010
| Supplements | No of cases | HR and 95% CI | ||||
| Model A | Model B | Model C | Model D | |||
| MI incidence | Non-use of any supplements | 256 | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) |
| Calcium | 20 | 1.86 (1.17 to 2.96) | 1.79 (1.09 to 2.96) | 1.28 (0.89 to 1.85) | 1.20 (0.93 to 1.54) | |
| Calcium only* | 7 | 2.39 (1.12 to 5.12) | 2.70 (1.26 to 5.79) | 2.17 (1.06 to 4.42) | 1.44 (0.80 to 2.61) | |
| Calcium plus others† | 13 | 1.66 (0.95 to 2.93) | 1.45 (0.77 to 2.75) | 1.14 (0.76 to 1.72) | 1.16 (0.88 to 1.52) | |
| Other supplements | 78 | 0.75 (0.58 to 0.97) | 0.75 (0.57 to 0.99) | 0.86 (0.67 to 1.12) | 0.86 (0.72 to 1.01) | |
| Stroke incidence | Non-use of any supplements | 179 | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) |
| Calcium | 10 | 1.05 (0.55 to 1.99) | 1.04 (0.51 to 2.14) | 1.08 (0.69 to 1.68) | 0.93 (0.66 to 1.30) | |
| Calcium only* | 1 | 0.34 (0.05 to 2.47) | 0.43 (0.06 to 3.08) | 0.59 (0.15 to 2.41) | 0.55 (0.18 to 1.68) | |
| Calcium plus others† | 9 | 1.35 (0.69 to 2.66) | 1.31 (0.61 to 2.82) | 1.17 (0.74 to 1.86) | 1.00 (0.70 to 1.43) | |
| Others | 71 | 0.87 (0.66 to 1.16) | 0.97 (0.71 to 1.31) | 0.86 (0.64 to 1.15) | 0.89 (0.74 to 1.09) | |
| CVD mortality | Non-use of any supplements | 184 | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) |
| Calcium | 9 | 1.02 (0.51 to 2.00) | 1.04 (0.51 to 2.15) | 1.14 (0.76 to 1.72) | 1.07 (0.82 to 1.41) | |
| Calcium only* | 3 | 1.20 (0.38 to 3.78) | 1.39 (0.44 to 4.39) | 1.54 (0.63 to 3.78) | 1.23 (0.63 to 2.40) | |
| Calcium plus others† | 6 | 0.94 (0.41 to 2.15) | 0.91 (0.37 to 2.24) | 1.08 (0.70 to 1.69) | 1.05 (0.78 to 1.41) | |
| Other supplements | 74 | 0.94 (0.71 to 1.24) | 0.92 (0.68 to 1.24) | 0.96 (0.72 to 1.28) | 0.88 (0.74 to 1.05) | |
Model A: adjusted for sex, age at recruitment, educational level, physical activity, BMI, smoking categories, lifetime alcohol intake, energy-adjusted total dietary calcium, vitamin D, saturated fatty acid and total protein intake, total energy intake and self-reported hyperlipidaemia and diabetes mellitus at recruitment and use of NSAIDs.
Model B: excluded cardiovascular events that occurred in the first 2 years of follow-up.
Model C: the effects of the most recent supplementation.
Model D: the effects of the cumulative supplementation. The HRs indicate the relative risks for each self-report of supplementation.
↵* n=256.
↵† n=695.
BMI, body mass index; CVD, cardiovascular disease; EPIC, European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition; MI, myocardial infarction; NSAIDS, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.