Risk adjusted HR (95% CI) for all-cause mortality and cardiovascular disease events among patients with newly diagnosed hypertension
| Variable | All-cause mortality | Cardiovascular disease* | Myocardial infarction | Heart failure | Stroke |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adjusted for age and sex | |||||
| Chinese versus white | 0.57 (0.56 to 0.59) | 0.46 (0.44 to 0.48) | 0.37 (0.34 to 0.4) | 0.42 (0.39 to 0.45) | 0.61 (0.57 to 0.65) |
| South Asian versus white | 0.88 (0.85 to 0.91) | 0.93 (0.89 to 0.96) | 0.92 (0.88 to 0.97) | 0.92 (0.87 to 0.96) | 0.9 (0.85 to 0.95) |
| Among men | |||||
| Chinese versus white | 0.52 (0.5 to 0.55) | 0.43 (0.41 to 0.46) | 0.37 (0.34 to 0.41) | 0.39 (0.36 to 0.43) | 0.57 (0.52 to 0.62) |
| South Asian versus white | 0.86 (0.82 to 0.9) | 0.93 (0.88 to 0.97) | 0.93 (0.87 to 0.99) | 0.89 (0.82 to 0.95) | 0.9 (0.83 to 0.98) |
| Among women | |||||
| Chinese versus white | 0.63 (0.6 to 0.66) | 0.5 (0.47 to 0.53) | 0.37 (0.33 to 0.41) | 0.45 (0.41 to 0.49) | 0.65 (0.6 to 0.71) |
| South Asian versus white | 0.9 (0.87 to 0.95) | 0.93 (0.88 to 0.98) | 0.91 (0.84 to 0.99) | 0.95 (0.88 to 1.02) | 0.89 (0.82 to 0.97) |
| Among Chinese | |||||
| Women versus men | 0.77 (0.73 to 0.83) | 0.7 (0.64 to 0.76) | 0.45 (0.39 to 0.52) | 0.78 (0.69 to 0.88) | 0.82 (0.73 to 0.92) |
| Among South Asian | |||||
| Women versus men | 0.69 (0.64 to 0.73) | 0.61 (0.57 to 0.66) | 0.46 (0.42 to 0.52) | 0.73 (0.66 to 0.81) | 0.71 (0.64 to 0.8) |
| Among white | |||||
| Women versus men | 0.67 (0.66 to 0.67) | 0.63 (0.62 to 0.64) | 0.48 (0.47 to 0.49) | 0.7 (0.69 to 0.72) | 0.73 (0.71 to 0.74) |
| Adjusted for age, number of co-morbidities†, income quintile, and rural and urban residence | |||||
| Chinese versus white | 0.66 (0.64 to 0.68) | 0.49 (0.47 to 0.51) | 0.39 (0.36 to 0.42) | 0.47 (0.44 to 0.5) | 0.66 (0.62 to 0.70) |
| South Asian versus white | 0.91 (0.88 to 0.94) | 0.94 (0.91 to 0.98) | 0.94 (0.90 to 0.99) | 0.95 (0.90 to 1.00) | 0.92 (0.87 to 0.97) |
| Among men | |||||
| Chinese versus white | 0.62 (0.59 to 0.65) | 0.46 (0.43 to 0.49) | 0.39 (0.36 to 0.43) | 0.44 (0.41 to 0.49) | 0.62 (0.57 to 0.68) |
| South Asian versus white | 0.89 (0.85 to 0.93) | 0.94 (0.9 to 0.99) | 0.95 (0.89 to 1.01) | 0.92 (0.85 to 0.99) | 0.92 (0.85 to 1.00) |
| Among women | |||||
| Chinese versus white | 0.70 (0.67 to 0.74) | 0.70 (0.64 to 0.76) | 0.71 (0.56 to 0.91) | 0.65 (0.56 to 0.74) | 0.74 (0.67 to 0.81) |
| South Asian versus white | 0.93 (0.89 to 0.97) | 0.91 (0.84 to 0.98) | 0.69 (0.53 to 0.89) | 1.02 (0.91 to 1.15) | 0.92 (0.84 to 1.00) |
| Among Chinese | |||||
| Women versus men | 0.83 (0.78 to 0.89) | 0.72 (0.66 to 0.78) | 0.46 (0.4 to 0.53) | 0.83 (0.73 to 0.94) | 0.85 (0.75 to 0.95) |
| Among South Asian | |||||
| Women versus men | 0.78 (0.73 to 0.83) | 0.63 (0.59 to 0.68) | 0.48 (0.43 to 0.53) | 0.80 (0.72 to 0.88) | 0.75 (0.67 to 0.84) |
| Among white | |||||
| Women versus men | 0.77 (0.76 to 0.78) | 0.65 (0.64 to 0.66) | 0.50 (0.49 to 0.51) | 0.78 (0.76 to 0.79) | 0.77 (0.76 to 0.79) |
*Cardiovascular disease includes myocardial infarction, heart failure and stroke. Analysis is based on up to 9 years’ follow-up of patients with hypertension.
†The co-morbidites include: myocardial infarction, heart failure, peripheral vascular disease, cerebrovascular disease, dementia, chronic pulmonary disease, connective tissue disease–rheumatic disease, peptic ulcer disease, diabetes with and without complications, paraplegia and hemiplegia, renal disease, liver disease (mild, moderate or severe), cancer and metastatic carcinoma, AIDS/HIV. Myocardial infarction, heart failure and cerebrovascular disease were excluded when estimating the HR for outcomes of myocardial infarction, heart failure or stroke.