Standard 12-lead ECG, 24-h Holter, bicycle ergometry and echocardiographic parameters in 1990, 2001 and 2011
| p Value* | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1990 | 2001 | 2011 | 2011 vs 1990 | 2011 vs 2001 | |
| ECG | |||||
| Rhythm | |||||
| Sinus | 93 (89%) | 82 (89%) | 63 (89%) | 0.6 | 1.0 |
| Atrial | 6 (6%) | 5 (5%) | 3 (4%) | – | 1.0 |
| Nodal | 1 (1%) | 1 (1%) | 0 | – | – |
| Atrial flutter | 0 | 1 (1%) | 2 (3%) | – | 1.0 |
| Pacemaker | 4 (4%) | 3 (3%) | 3 (4%) | 0.5 | 1.0 |
| PR interval | 153.7 | 153.2 | 161.0 | 0.002 | <0.0001 |
| PR >200 ms | 3% | 5% | 9% | – | 0.06 |
| QRS duration | 88.3 | 96.1 | 100.4 | <0.0001 | 0.001 |
| QTc segment | 388 | 388 | 400 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
| LVH or RVH | 4.1% | 4.6% | 1.4% | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| 24-h Holter | |||||
| Supraventricular arrhythmias | 44 (45%) | 36 (41%) | 39 (57%) | 0.2 | 0.6 |
| Sinus node disease | 38 (39%) | 27 (31%) | 16 (24%) | 0.3 | 0.5 |
| SVT | 6 (6%) | 18 (21%) | 30 (44%) | <0.0001 | 0.06 |
| Paroxysmal A fibrillation | 0 | 0 | 0 | – | – |
| Paroxysmal A flutter | 0 | 1 (1%) | 0 | – | – |
| Continuous A flutter | 0 | 1 (1%) | 1 (2%) | – | 1.0 |
| VT 3–10 complex | 3 (3%) | 4 (5%) | 4 (6%) | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| VT >10 complex | 0 | 0 | 0 | – | – |
| Conduction disturbances | 17 (17%) | 8 (9%) | 10 (15%) | 1.0 | 0.2 |
| First degree AV block | 14 (14%) | 8 (9%) | 7 (10%) | 0.8 | 0.7 |
| Second degree AV block | 2 (2%) | 0 | 2 (3%) | 1.0 | – |
| Third degree AV block | 0 | 0 | 0 | – | – |
| Bicycle ergometry | |||||
| Maximum heart rate (% of expected) | 92% | 92% | 90% | 0.6 | 0.5 |
| Maximum exercise capacity (% of expected) | 104% | 95% | 96% | – | |
| Significant arrhythmia | 0 | 0 | 0 | – | |
| Vo2 max (% of expected) | – | – | 96% | – | |
| RER max | – | – | 1.3 | – | |
| Echocardiography | |||||
| RA dilation | 5.8% | 18.7% | 23.5% | 0.007 | 0.8 |
| RV dilation | 26.0% | 23.5% | 34.3% | 0.2 | 0.5 |
| LA dilation | 1.0% | 12.2% | 15.7% | 0.008 | 0.7 |
| LV dilation | 4.0% | 8.8% | 2.9% | 1.0 | 0.1 |
| LV systolic function normal | 97.1% | 95.5% | 95.5% | 0.6 | 1.0 |
| RV systolic function normal | 100% | 100% | 67.2% | – | <0.0001 |
| Valve insufficiency (>trace) | |||||
| AoI | 0% | 1.1% | 2.9% | – | – |
| MI | 11.5% | 13.5% | 20.0% | 0.8 | 0.1 |
| PI | 44.2% | 45.0% | 55.7% | <0.02 | <0.02 |
| TI | 42.3% | 48.3% | 57.1% | 1.0 | 0.7 |
| Vmax PI | 1.6 m/s | 1.5 m/s | 1.7 m/s | 0.7 | 0.8 |
| Vmax TI | 2.1 m/s | 2.2 m/s | 2.3 m/s | 0.03 | 0.03 |
*Because of incomplete follow-up (paired) data, not all p values are displayed.
AoI, aortic insufficiency; AV, atrioventricular; LA, left atrium; LV, left ventricle; LVH, left ventricular hypertrophy; MI, mitral insufficiency; PI, pulmonary insufficiency; RA, right atrium; RER, respiratory exchange ratio; RV, right ventricle; RVH, right ventricular hypertrophy; SVT, supraventricular tachycardia; TI, tricuspid insufficiency; Vmax, maximal velocity found with Doppler echocardiography; Vo2 max, maximum consumption (not performed in 1990/2001); VT, ventricular tachycardia.