Association of frequency of strenuous physical activity with outcomes of prognosis, results of Cox proportional hazards regression models
| Model 1* | Model 2† | Model 3‡ | Model 4§ | Model 5¶ | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HR | (95% CI) | HR | (95% CI) | HR | (95% CI) | HR | 95% (CI) | HR | 95% (CI) | |
| Major cardiovascular events | ||||||||||
| Daily | 0.98 | (0.61 to 1.58) | 0.92 | (0.57 to 1.48) | 1.03 | (0.61 to 1.73) | 1.50 | (0.85 to 2.66) | 1.54 | (0.87 to 2.71) |
| 5–6×/week | 1.12 | (0.72 to 1.75) | 1.11 | (0.71 to 1.73) | 1.37 | (0.84 to 2.24) | 1.17 | (0.60 to 2.28) | 1.16 | (0.60 to 2.25) |
| 2–4×/week | 1.00 | Ref. | 1.00 | Ref. | 1.00 | Ref. | 1.00 | Ref. | 1.00 | Ref. |
| 1–4×/month | 1.46 | (0.98 to 2.20) | 1.35 | (0.90 to 2.04) | 1.43 | (0.90 to 2.27) | 1.55 | (0.95 to 2.54) | 1.58 | (0.96 to 2.58) |
| Rarely/never | 2.77 | (1.75 to 4.37) | 2.26 | (1.41 to 3.63) | 2.03 | (1.21 to 3.42) | 2.05 | (1.20 to 3.51) | 1.85 | (1.06 to 3.23) |
| N (Events) | 1021 (182) | 1015 (179) | 878 (152) | 881 (123) | 891 (122) | |||||
| Non-fatal cardiovascular events | ||||||||||
| Daily | 0.68 | (0.35 to 1.32) | 0.65 | (0.33 to 1.28) | 0.71 | (0.33 to 1.52) | 1.21 | (0.54 to 2.71) | 1.20 | (0.54 to 2.69) |
| 5–6×/week | 1.37 | (0.83 to 2.28) | 1.36 | (0.82 to 2.26) | 1.75 | (0.99 to 3.09) | 2.56 | (1.26 to 5.20) | 2.52 | (1.24 to 5.12) |
| 2–4×/week | 1.00 | Ref. | 1.00 | Ref. | 1.00 | Ref. | 1.00 | Ref. | 1.00 | Ref. |
| 1–4×/month | 1.48 | (0.90 to 2.43) | 1.35 | (0.82 to 2.23) | 1.63 | (0.94 to 2.85) | 1.30 | (0.72 to 2.34) | 1.34 | (0.74 to 2.41) |
| Rarely/never | 1.49 | (0.72 to 3.11) | 1.35 | (0.64 to 2.83) | 1.37 | (0.62 to 3.01) | 2.51 | (1.38 to 4.56) | 2.12 | (1.12 to 4.02) |
| N (Events) | 951 (112) | 947 (111) | 819 (93) | 806 (91) | 802 (89) | |||||
| Cardiovascular mortality | ||||||||||
| Daily | 1.79 | (0.89 to 3.60) | 1.65 | (0.82 to 3.32) | 1.73 | (0.83 to 3.60) | 2.36 | (1.05 to 5.34) | 2.37 | (1.05 to 5.34) |
| 5–6×/week | 1.18 | (0.55 to 2.55) | 1.13 | (0.52 to 2.43) | 1.19 | (0.52 to 2.71) | 1.23 | (0.43 to 3.51) | 1.22 | (0.43 to 3.46) |
| 2–4×/week | 1.00 | Ref. | 1.00 | Ref. | 1.00 | Ref. | 1.00 | Ref. | 1.00 | Ref. |
| 1–4×/month | 1.70 | (0.86 to 3.36) | 1.58 | (0.80 to 3.14) | 1.30 | (0.60 to 2.85) | 1.48 | (0.66 to 3.32) | 1.53 | (0.68 to 3.44) |
| Rarely/never | 6.40 | (3.43 to 11.96) | 5.07 | (2.67 to 9.63) | 3.80 | (1.84 to 7.86) | 3.30 | (1.61 to 6.78) | 3.39 | (1.62 to 7.10) |
| N (Events) | 1030 (81) | 1024 (79) | 885 (70) | 889 (65) | 900 (65) | |||||
| All-cause mortality | ||||||||||
| Daily | 1.78 | (1.04 to 3.04) | 1.64 | (0.96 to 2.81) | 1.62 | (0.92 to 2.88) | 1.69 | (0.86 to 3.33) | 1.77 | (0.90 to 3.47) |
| 5–6×/week | 1.00 | (0.53 to 1.87) | 0.94 | (0.50 to 1.76) | 1.00 | (0.52 to 1.96) | 1.70 | (0.82 to 3.53) | 1.69 | (0.81 to 3.50) |
| 2–4×/week | 1.00 | Ref. | 1.00 | Ref. | 1.00 | Ref. | 1.00 | Ref. | 1.00 | Ref. |
| 1–4×/month | 1.75 | (1.04 to 2.95) | 1.60 | (0.95 to 2.70) | 1.53 | (0.86 to 2.72) | 1.69 | (0.92 to 3.10) | 1.74 | (0.95 to 3.21) |
| Rarely/never | 5.36 | (3.26 to 8.81) | 4.52 | (2.71 to 7.52) | 3.50 | (1.97 to 6.20) | 3.92 | (2.26 to 6.79) | 3.81 | (2.17 to 6.70) |
| N (Events) | 1030 (130) | 1024 (128) | 885 (114) | 889 (110) | 900 (110) | |||||
*Adjusted for sex, age, education and study site. Physical activity refers to year 1 follow-up measurement.
†As model 1, but additionally adjusted for employment status, cotinine-validated smoking status and BMI.
‡As model 2, but additionally adjusted for self-reported poor health, history of myocardial infarction, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, LV function and number of affected vessels.
§As model 3, but treating physical activity as time-dependent predictor variable.
¶As model 4, but additionally treating BMI, self-reported poor health and employment status as time-dependent covariates.