Basic pathophysiological mechanisms activated by exposure to particulate matter in animal and human subjects
| Pathophysiological mechanism | Selected references |
|---|---|
| Systemic inflammation | 10, 11 |
| Systemic oxidative stress | 10, 16 |
| Thrombosis and coagulation | 17, 18 |
| Hypertension | 7, 8, 19 |
| Vascular dysfunction and atherosclerosis | 10, 20, 21 |
| Heart rate variability, ECG changes and arrhythmias | 22–24 |
| Myocardial fibrosis and heart failure | 15, 25, 26 |
| Epigenetic changes and gene expression | 7, 27 |