Variables | No diabetes | Diabetes | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Men | Women | Men | Women | |||
(n=16 459) | (n=11 006) | (n=5518) | (n=3291) | |||
n (%) | n (%) | p Value | n (%) | n (%) | p Value | |
Demographics | ||||||
Age (years; mean (SD)) | 72.9 (12.8) | 78.5 (11.8) | 72.6 (10.5) | 77.5 (9.8) | ||
Age group (years) | ||||||
≤65 | 4323 (26) | 1512 (14) | 1353 (25) | 387 (12) | ||
66–80 | 6750 (41) | 3643 (33) | 2823 (51) | 1492 (45) | ||
>80 | 5386 (33) | 5851 (53) | 1342 (24) | 1412 (43) | ||
Weight (kg; mean (SD)) | 81 (16) | 67 (16) | 89 (18) | 76 (18) | ||
Smoking habits (%; never/former/current) | 36/49/15 | 60/29/11 | 32/54/14 | 59/31/10 | ||
Duration of heart failure (%; below/above 6 months) | 53/47 | 54/46 | 0.55 | 43/57 | 44.5/55.5 | 0.26 |
NYHA | 0.16 | |||||
I | 1632 (13) | 843 (11) | 340 (8) | 171 (8) | ||
II | 5815 (46) | 3495 (46) | 1660 (41) | 911 (41) | ||
III | 4523 (36) | 2874 (38) | 1802 (44) | 949 (43) | ||
IV | 553 (4) | 410 (5) | 263 (56) | 173 (8) | ||
Heart rate (bpm; mean (SD)) | 74 (16) | 76 (17) | 74 (15) | 76 (16) | ||
Blood pressure (mm Hg; mean (SD)) | ||||||
Systolic | 125 (21) | 130 (23) | 128 (22) | 133 (23) | ||
Diastolic | 74 (13) | 73 (13) | 73 (12) | 72 (12) | ||
Pulse pressure (mm Hg; mean (SD)) | 52 (16) | 57 (19) | 55 (18) | 61 (19) | ||
Mean arterial pressure (mm Hg; mean (SD)) | 91 (14) | 92 (14) | 91 (14) | 92 (14) | ||
Previous or present disease | ||||||
Ischaemic heart disease | 7737 (49) | 4163 (40) | 3312 (62) | 1722 (54) | ||
Verified by coronary angiography | 3087 (40) | 1145 (26) | 1252 (38) | 493 (29) | ||
Hypertension | 6320 (40) | 5154 (48) | 3076 (58) | 2014 (63) | ||
Atrial fibrillation | 8008 (49) | 5430 (50) | 0.28 | 2440 (45) | 1452 (45) | 0.94 |
Pulmonary disease | 2695 (17) | 1984 (18) | 0.0005 | 2695 (17) | 1984 (18) | 0.01 |
Valvular heart disease | 3126 (20) | 2509 (24) | 873 (17) | 612 (20) | 0.0003 | |
Idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy | 2317 (15) | 787 (8) | 577 (11) | 177 (6) | ||
Previous interventions | ||||||
Revascularisation (CABG/PCI) | 4467 (28) | 1404 (13) | 0.004 | 2046 (38) | 722 (23) | |
Valvular surgery | 960 (6) | 532 (5) | 300 (6) | 143 (4) | 0.02 | |
Investigations of ventricular function | ||||||
Echocardiography | ||||||
LVEF ≥50% | 2217 (15) | 2830 (32) | 783 (16) | 875 (33) | ||
LVEF 40–49% | 2938 (20) | 1983 (23) | 960 (20) | 602 (23) | ||
LVEF 30–39% | 4225 (20) | 2091 (24) | 1418 (29) | 615 (23) | ||
LVEF <30% | 5119 (35) | 1807 (21) | 1692 (35) | 542 (21) | ||
Laboratory analyses (mean (SD)) | ||||||
Hb (g/L) | 135 (18) | 127 (16) | 131 (18) | 124 (16) | ||
Hb-class (%; Normal/mild anaemia/severe anaemia) | 64/27/9 | 69/27/4 | 54/32/14 | 58/36/6 | ||
Creatine (μmol/L) | 116 (60) | 97 (50) | 128 (72) | 114 (68) | ||
Creatine clearance (mL/min) | 70 (41) | 53 (31) | 70 (38) | 55 (32) | ||
Creatine clearance class (mL/min) | ||||||
<30 | 1448 (9) | 2016 (20) | 476 (9) | 613 (20) | ||
30–59 | 5836 (38) | 4973 (49) | 1949 (37) | 1401 (46) | ||
60–89 | 4526 (29) | 2142 (21) | 1552 (29) | 689 (22) | ||
>90 | 3693 (24) | 1026 (10) | 1285 (24) | 367 (12) | ||
NT-proBNP (pg/mL; mean (SD))* | 3.40 (0.57)† | 3.46 (0.56)† | 3.4 (0.54)† | 3.49 (0.56)† | 0.004 | |
Pharmacological and device intervention | ||||||
RAA inhibition | ||||||
ACEi/ARB | 13 599 (83) | 8042 (73) | 4688 (85) | 2570 (78) | ||
MRA | 4797 (28) | 2977 (27) | 0.61 | 1823 (33) | 993 (30) | |
β-blockers | 5797 (85) | 8992 (82) | 4757 (87) | 2744 (84) | ||
Diuretics (loop/thiazide) | 8797 (77) | 9079 (83) | 4785 (87) | 2989 (91) | ||
Digitalis | 9797 (17) | 2253 (21) | 872 (16) | 599 (18) | 0.004 | |
Statins | 10 797 (42) | 3293 (30) | 3330 (61) | 1601 (49) | ||
Nitrates (long-lasting) | 11 797 (15) | 1892 (17) | 1229 (22) | 854 (26) | ||
Antithrombotic agent | 12 797 (39) | 3444 (32) | 1929 (35) | 943 (29) | ||
ASA | 13 797 (51) | 5602 (51) | 0.34 | 3289 (60) | 1979 (61) | 0.58 |
Device therapy | ||||||
Pacemaker | 1491 (9) | 1008 (9) | 532 (10) | 280 (9) | ||
Cardiac resynchronisation therapy | 411 (2.5) | 105 (1.0) | 146 (2.7) | 44 (1.4) | ||
Implantable cardioverter-defibrillator | 357 (2.2) | 87 (0.8) | 116 (2.1) | 16 (0.5) |
n (frequency) % (percentage). Percentages computed by group. Tests used: Pearson's χ2 test, Student’s t test for unpaired groups.
*Logarithmically transformed prior to t test.
†Mean of the logarithm.
The significance level was tested between men and women in the T2DM cohort and in the non-T2DM cohort. The p value is <0.0001 unless otherwise stated. ACEi, ACE inhibitor; ARB, angiotensin receptor II blocker; ASA, acetyl salicylic acid; CABG, coronary artery bypass graft; Hb, haemoglobin; MRA, mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist; NT-proBNP, N-terminal fragment pro brain natriuretic peptide; NYHA, New York Heart Association; PCI, percutaneous coronary intervention; RAA-inhibition, renin-angiotensin-aldosterone inhibition; T2DM, type 2 diabetes.