Table 3

Perioperative characteristics and early outcomes in patients with Fontan circulation compared with those with other forms of congenital heart disease

Patients’ detailsFontan (n=34)Other univentricular (n=27)*Biventricular (n=60)p Value
Age—median years, (IQR)§17 (11–31)14 (5–24)0.06520 (14–41)0.260.0110.042
Weight median kg (IQR)§58 (26–73)32 (15–65)0.05460 (38–74)0.450.0050.007
Univentricular
 LV dominant19 (56)14 (52)>0.99>0.99
 RV dominant15 (44)13 (48)>0.99>0.99
 Hypoplastic left heart syndrome6 (18)7 (26)0.530.53
Biventricular
 TGA14 (23)
 ccTGA10 (17)
 TOF7 (12)
 Ebstein’s anomaly4 (7)
 Aortic stenosis4 (7)
 Mitral regurgitation3 (5)
 AVSD4 (7)
 VSD9 (15)
 Others¶5 (8)
Days on waiting list—median (IQR)§179 (112–499)130 (72–290)0.24133 (62–307)0.0870.790.89
Previous cardiac surgery34 (100)24 (89)0.08152 (87)0.047>0.990.089
Number of prior surgeries—mean (SD)**2.7 (1.1)2.4 (1.7)>0.991.9 (1.2)0.0060.180.006
Preoperative inotropes4 (12)3 (11)>0.997 (12)>0.99>0.99>0.99
Preoperative VAD2 (6)0 (0)0.138 (13)0.320.0540.094
Preoperative creatinine (μmol/L)—mean (SD)**78 (42)56 (27)0.1179 (51)>0.990.0430.038
Operative
 Cardiopulmonary bypass time—mean min (SD)**282 (99)209 (82)0.012207 (93)0.001>0.990.001
 Ischaemic time—mean min (SD)**291 (91)230 (92)0.064233 (100)0.022>0.990.016
 Great artery reconstruction19 (56)10 (37)0.200 (0)<0.001<0.001<0.001
 Aortic arch reconstruction3 (9)3 (11)>0.990 (0)0.0450.0350.041
 Pulmonary artery repair/reconstruction18 (53)7 (26)0.040 (0)<0.001<0.001<0.0001
Early outcomes
 In-hospital mortality2 (6)4 (15)0.395 (8)>0.990.450.46
 Primary graft failure4 (12)4 (15)>0.9910 (17)0.76>0.990.81
 Stroke1 (3)1 (4)>0.993 (5)>0.99>0.990.88
 Renal impairment11 (32)5 (19)0.2514 (23)0.350.780.43
 Post-transplant ECMO5 (15)††3 (11)>0.998 (13)>0.99>0.990.92
 Post-transplant IABP3 (9)2 (7)>0.997 (12)0.740.710.80
  • Categorical variables displayed as number (percentage).

  • *Comparison between Fontan and other univentricular repairs.

  • †Comparison between Fontan and biventricular repairs.‡Comparison between other univentricular and biventricular repairs.

  • §Compared using non-parametric statistical testing.

  • **Compared using parametric statistical testing.

  • ¶Others: these five patients had: truncus arteriosus, tricuspid dysplasia, VSD with partial Uhl’s anomaly, partial anomalous pulmonary venous drainage, anomalous left main coronary artery.

  • ††One patient was placed on ECMO due to septic shock despite intact graft function.

  • AVSD, atrioventricular septal defect; ECMO, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation; IABP, intra-aortic balloon pump; IQR, interquartile range; LV: left ventricle; RV: right ventricle; TGA, transposition of the great arteries; ccTGA, congenitally corrected TGA; TOF, tetralogy of Fallot; VAD, ventricular assist device; VSD, ventricular septal defect;.