Patient characteristics stratified by diabetes type (study sample for the CART analyses)
| Variable | Type 2 diabetes (n=329) | Type 1 diabetes (n=153) | p Value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sex (% male) | 65.7 | 61.4 | 0.369 |
| Age (years) | 52.5±10.5 | 35.8±12.3 | <0.001 |
| Body mass index (kg/m²) | 31.6±6.0 | 25.0±4.3 | <0.001 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 106±15 | 87±14 | <0.001 |
| Height (cm) | 172±9 | 176±10 | 0.001 |
| Time since diagnosis of diabetes (days) | 184±95 | 194±99 | 0.322 |
| HbA1c (%) | 6.52±1.09 | 6.87±1.50 | 0.011 |
| HbA1c (mmol/mol) | 48±12 | 52±19 | 0.011 |
| Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 5.2±1.1 | 4.7±0.9 | <0.001 |
| Fasting triglycerides (mmol/L) | 1.4 (1.0; 2.1) | 0.8 (0.6; 1.0) | <0.001 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 142±19 | 130±15 | <0.001 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 85±11 | 77±10 | <0.001 |
| Hypertension (%)* | 59.6 | 15.0 | <0.001 |
| Current smoking (%) | 24.0 | 24.8 | 0.819 |
| Physically inactive (%)† | 39.2 | 22.9 | <0.001 |
| History of myocardial infarction and/or stroke (%) | 4.6 | 0.7 | 0.027 |
| Lipid-lowering medication (%) | 23.1 | 2.6 | <0.001 |
| Antihypertensive medication (%) | 51.5 | 7.8 | <0.001 |
| Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (%) | 4.6 | 2.0 | 0.202 |
| Biomarkers of subclinical inflammation | |||
| hsCRP (nmol/L) | 27 (15; 51) | 10 (6; 20) | <0.001 |
| IL-6 (pg/mL) | 1.91 (1.31; 2.64) | 0.87 (0.65; 1.34) | <0.001 |
| IL-18 (pg/mL) | 283 (226; 389) | 259 (183; 320) | <0.001 |
| Total adiponectin (ng/mL) | 4006 (2989; 5345) | 5972 (4112; 8274) | <0.001 |
| HMW adiponectin (ng/mL) | 1634 (999; 2493) | 2701 (1542; 4315) | <0.001 |
| HMW/total adiponectin | 0.40 (0.33; 0.48) | 0.45 (0.35; 0.54) | 0.005 |
| sE-selectin (ng/mL) | 41.0 (31.0; 56.0) | 35.1 (24.7; 45.6) | <0.001 |
| sICAM-1 (ng/mL) | 245 (207; 287) | 218 (183; 253) | <0.001 |
| Frequency domain | |||
| HF (ms²) | 161 (77; 326) | 353 (175; 691) | <0.001 |
| LF (ms²) | 573 (310; 1047) | 1217 (687; 2083) | <0.001 |
| VLF (ms²) | 1277 (769; 2179) | 1942 (1175; 3932) | <0.001 |
| LF/HF ratio | 3.6 (2.2; 5.7) | 3.1 (2.2; 5.0) | 0.351 |
| Time domain | |||
| SDANN (ms) | 21.1 (15.0; 32,0) | 22.5 (15.0; 35.4) | 0.173 |
| RMSSD (ms) | 25.8 (19.1; 39.0) | 37.4 (26.0; 52.0) | <0.001 |
| CARTs | |||
| Valsalva ratio | 1.60 ±0.30 | 1.80 ±0.40 | <0.001 |
| Max/min 30:15 ratio | 1.30 ±0.20 | 1.40 ±0.30 | <0.001 |
Data represent mean±SD, median (25th; 75th percentile) or percentage (%).
The maximum number of missing data is 14 for T2D and 5 for T1D with the following exceptions: hsCRP: 28 for T2D; HRV variables: 59–69 for T2D, 31–38 for T1D.
*Hypertension is defined as blood pressure ≥140/90 mm Hg or use of antihypertensive medication.
†Physical inactivity is defined as absence of regular physical training at the time of the examination.
CART, cardiovascular autonomic reflex test; HF, high frequency; HMW: high molecular weight; HRV, heart rate variability; HbA1c, haemoglobin A1c; hsCRP, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; IL, interleukin; LF, low frequency; RMSSD, root mean square of successive differences; SDANN, standard deviation of N-N averages over 5 min; sE-selectin, soluble E-selectin; sICAM-1, soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1; T1D, type 1 diabetes; T2D, type 2 diabetes; VLF, very low frequency.