Systolic and diastolic blood pressure variation over time and associated factors: crude and adjusted linear mixed-effect models
| Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | Diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Crude model | Adjusted model | Crude model | Adjusted model | |
| β (95% CI) | β (95% CI) | β (95% CI) | β (95% CI) | |
| Sociodemographic variables* | ||||
| Study site (vs Lima) | ||||
| Urban Puno | −3.35 (−4.65 to −2.06) | −3.61 (−4.85 to −2.36) | 0.67 (−0.18 to 1.52) | 0.37 (−0.51 to 1.25) |
| Rural Puno | −0.99 (−2.25 to 0.26) | −1.48 (−2.76 to −0.21) | 3.24 (2.45 to 4.03) | 3.47 (2.59 to 4.36) |
| Tumbes | 4.60 (3.39 to 5.80) | 4.74 (3.63 to 5.85) | 2.94 (2.20 to 3.68) | 2.94 (2.20 to 3.69) |
| Site altitude (vs low) | ||||
| High altitude | −4.33 (−5.26 to −3.40) | −5.03 (−5.91 to −4.15) | 0.58 (−0.01 to 1.18) | 0.40 (−0.22 to 1.01) |
| Lifestyle behaviours† | ||||
| Daily smoking | 1.39 (−0.85 to 3.64) | −1.32 (−3.26 to 0.61) | 1.05 (−0.43 to 2.53) | −0.56 (−2.01 to 0.90) |
| Heavy alcohol drinking | 5.02 (3.21 to 6.84) | 3.05 (1.41 to 4.68) | 3.53 (2.37 to 4.69) | 1.91 (0.75 to 3.07) |
| TV watching for 2+ hours per day | 0.22 (−0.73 to 1.17) | 0.07 (−0.79 to 0.93) | 0.22 (−0.37 to 0.81) | 0.27 (−0.31 to 0.85) |
| Leisure-time physical inactivity | −1.89 (−3.58 to −0.21) | −1.44 (−3.05 to 0.17) | −1.68 (−2.75 to −0.61) | −1.01 (−2.09 to 0.06) |
| Transport-related physical inactivity | 2.59 (0.75 to 4.43) | −0.55 (−2.15 to 1.05) | 0.08 (−0.93 to 1.09) | −0.38 (−1.38 to 0.62) |
| Fried food consumption | −0.42 (−1.46 to 0.62) | 0.26 (−0.64 to 1.16) | 0.49 (−0.15 to 1.14) | 0.23 (−0.37 to 0.84) |
| High-sugar beverage consumption | 0.83 (−0.11 to 1.78) | 1.06 (0.21 to 1.90) | 1.20 (0.62 to 1.78) | 1.05 (0.47 to 1.62) |
| Measurements† | ||||
| Body mass index (vs normal) | ||||
| Overweight (≥25 and <30 kg/m2) | 1.83 (0.73 to 2.93) | 3.45 (2.48 to 4.41) | 1.68 (1.00 to 2.37) | 2.49 (1.82 to 3.16) |
| Obese (≥30 kg/m2) | 3.22 (1.93 to 4.50) | 5.72 (4.55 to 6.88) | 3.33 (2.54 to 4.12) | 5.11 (4.31 to 5.91) |
| Central obesity (IDF) | 1.58 (0.57 to 2.59) | 3.96 (3.03 to 4.89) | 1.44 (0.80 to 2.08) | 3.08 (2.43 to 3.73) |
| Total cholesterol ≥200 mg/dL | 2.82 (1.87 to 3.77) | 2.82 (1.98 to 3.65) | 1.61 (1.02 to 2.20) | 1.91 (1.34 to 2.47) |
| Metabolic syndrome | 4.54 (3.57 to 5.50) | 4.79 (3.95 to 5.64) | 2.74 (2.14 to 3.34) | 3.32 (2.75 to 3.89) |
| Type 2 diabetes mellitus | 4.07 (2.02 to 6.12) | 2.81 (0.80 to 4.81) | 1.15 (−0.11 to 2.41) | 1.53 (0.26 to 2.81) |
Bold estimates are statistically significant (p<0.05).
*Each variable was adjusted by sex, age, education level, socioeconomic status and time of follow-up.
†Each variable was adjusted by sex, age, education level, socioeconomic status, study site and time of follow-up.