Baseline clinical and echocardiographic characteristics of the entire patient population and after stratification according to the cardiovascular mortality
| Baselines values | Overall population (n=427) | Survivors (n=378) | Deceased (cardiovascular death) (n=41) | p Value |
| Clinical data | ||||
| Age (years) | 50.3±16.1 | 48.2±15.1 | 67.1±14.7 | <0.001 |
| Female gender (%) | 361 (84) | 316 (84) | 38 (93) | 0.129 |
| NYHA class III-IV (n (%)) | 209 (49) | 167 (44) | 36 (88) | <0.001 |
| Atrial fibrillation (n (%)) | 146 (34) | 114 (30) | 27 (66) | <0.001 |
| Previous valvuloplasty (n (%))* | 77 (18) | 66 (17) | 11 (27) | 0.156 |
| Ischaemic cerebrovascular events (n (%))† | 56 (13) | 49 (13) | 7 (17) | 0.407 |
| Heart rate (bpm) | 70.1±12.5 | 70.6±12.6 | 67.4±11.4 | 0.305 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 119.0±18.1 | 118.6±17.4 | 121.2±23.9 | 0.569 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 69.8±10.9 | 70.4±10.9 | 64.3±9.9 | 0.015 |
| Echocardiographic data | ||||
| LVDd (mm) | 46.7±6.1 | 47.1±5.9 | 44.3±6.8 | 0.012 |
| LVDd/BSA | 27.6±4.1 | 27.8±3.9 | 26.9±5.0 | 0.235 |
| LVSd (mm) | 30.5±5.6 | 30.8±5.4 | 29.0±5.8 | 0.098 |
| LVEF (%) | 63.3±8.5 | 63.5±8.3 | 62.4±9.3 | 0.457 |
| LA dimension (mm) | 48.8±7.4 | 48.6±7.4 | 50.4±7.3 | 0.156 |
| LAV index (mL/m2) | 65.7±35.5 | 65.1±35.4 | 69.4±30.4 | 0.492 |
| RA area (cm2) | 18.1±7.7 | 17.5±7.1 | 23.1±11.4 | 0.001 |
| Peak gradient (mm Hg) | 21.6±7.4 | 21.1±7.1 | 25.4±8.3 | 0.001 |
| Mean gradient (mm Hg) | 11.8±4.8 | 11.6±4.6 | 12.8±5.4 | 0.139 |
| Mitral valve area (cm2)‡ | 1.03±0.24 | 1.03±0.24 | 0.96±0.21 | 0.052 |
| Echocardiographic score | 7.7±1.8 | 7.5±1.8 | 9.2±1.9 | <0.001 |
| SPAP (mm Hg) | 53.6±20.5 | 51.7±19.2 | 69.1±23.1 | <0.001 |
| RVFAC (%) | 44.9±10.3 | 45.6±10.1 | 39.5±10.3 | 0.002 |
| Moderate MR (n (%)) | 47 (11) | 35 (9) | 11 (27) | 0.001 |
| Moderate or severe TR (n (%)) | 89 (21) | 66 (17) | 22 (54) | <0.001 |
| Cn (mL/mm Hg)§ | 4.4±1.4 | 4.5±1.4 | 3.6±1.2 | <0.001 |
| Cn ≤4 (mL/mm Hg) | 175 (41) | 146 (39) | 27 (66) | <0.001 |
| Haemodynamic data | ||||
| LA pressure (mm Hg) | 24.2±7.1 | 24.2±7.2 | 24.2±5.9 | 0.983 |
| Mean PAP (mm Hg) | 35.4±12.3 | 34.9±12.2 | 38.9±12.3 | 0.043 |
| Cardiac index (L/min/m2) | 2.5±0.7 | 2.6±0.7 | 2.2±0.5 | 0.021 |
| TPG (mm Hg)¶ | 9 (4/15.8) | 9 (4/15) | 15 (7.2/22.7) | 0.007 |
| PVR (wood unit)** | 1.9 (0.9/4.3) | 1.8 (0.8/4.1) | 5.1 (2.2/6.6) | 0.007 |
Data are expressed as the mean value±SD, median (IQR) or absolute numbers (percentage).
*Surgical commissurotomy or percutaneous valvuloplasty.
†Stroke or transient ischaemic attack at baseline.
‡MV area by planimetry could not be obtained in 17 patients (4%) with extensive calcification of MV leaflets.
§In 38 patients (9%), Cn could not be calculated due to extensive calcification of MV leaflets hence inability to calculate planimeter MV area accurately, and the missing values were imputed.
¶TPG was calculated as the difference between mPAP and PAWP, which is commonly used to distinguish ‘passive’ (TPG ≤12 mm Hg) from ‘reactive’ pulmonary hypertension (TPG >12 mm Hg).
**Pulmonary vascular resistance was calculated using the following formula: PVR=(mPAP – mean PCWP)/CO
BSA, body surface area; Cn, net atrioventricular compliance; CO, cardiac output; LA, left atrium; LAV, left atrial volume; LVDd, left ventricular end-diastolic diameter; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; LVSd, left ventricular end-systolic diameter; MPAP, mean pulmonary artery pressure; MR, mitral regurgitation; MV, mitral valve; NYHA, New York Heart Association; PAP, pulmonary artery pressure; PAWP, pulmonary artery wedge pressure; PVR, pulmonary vascular resistance; RA, right atrium; RVFAC, right ventricular fractional area change; SPAP, systolic pulmonary artery pressure; TPG, transpulmonary pressure gradient; TR, tricuspid regurgitation.