Area of transmission pathways targeted | Examples of therapies |
Spinal cord synapses | Spinal cord stimulation, TENS |
Sympathetic ganglia | Stellate ganglion blockade |
Thalamic centres | Modulatory antidepressants (low-dose imipramine) |
Higher cortical centres | CBT |
CBT, cognitive behavioural therapy; TENS, transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation.