Characteristics of the BIOSTAT population by coronary angiography realisation
| N | Global population (n=2516) | No coronary angiography (n=2201) | Coronary angiography performed (n=315) | p Value | |
| Age, years | 2516 | 68.4±12.0 | 69.1±11.9 | 63.7±11.6 | <0.0001 |
| Male gender, n (%) | 2516 | 1846 (73.4%) | 1621 (73.6%) | 225 (71.4%) | 0.40 |
| BMI, kg/m² | 2478 | 27.9±5.5 | 27.8±5.4 | 28.2±6.1 | 0.29 |
| Heart rate, bpm | 2497 | 82.3±21.4 | 81.6±21.3 | 87.4±21.4 | <0.0001 |
| SBP, mm Hg | 2511 | 124.7±21.9 | 124.6±21.6 | 125.3±23.8 | 0.63 |
| DBP, mm Hg | 2511 | 74.9±13.4 | 74.7±13.0 | 76.1±15.8 | 0.079 |
| Pulmonary rales, n (%) | 2445 | 1291 (52.8%) | 1101 (51.5%) | 190 (61.5%) | 0.001 |
| Peripheral oedema, n (%) | 2099 | 1256 (59.8%) | 1106 (59.9%) | 150 (59.3%) | 0.85 |
| Elevated JVP, n (%) | 1753 | 554 (31.6%) | 479 (31.2%) | 75 (34.4%) | 0.34 |
| NYHA class III/IV, n (%) | 2446 | 1522 (62.2%) | 1324 (61.8%) | 198 (65.1%) | 0.26 |
| Orthopnoea, n (%) | 2511 | 879 (35.0%) | 745 (33.9%) | 134 (42.5%) | 0.003 |
| LVEF, % | 2243 | 31.0±10.6 | 31.4±10.7 | 28.7±9.7 | <0.0001 |
| Northern Europe, n (%) | 2516 | 1200 (47.7%) | 1035 (47.0%) | 165 (52.4%) | 0.075 |
| Inpatient visit, n (%) | 2516 | 1694 (67.3%) | 1389 (63.1%) | 305 (96.8%) | <0.0001 |
| HF hospitalisation within the last year, n (%) | 2516 | 794 (31.6%) | 751 (34.1%) | 43 (13.7%) | <0.0001 |
| HF aetiology: ischaemic, n (%) | 2516 | 1103 (43.8%) | 988 (44.9%) | 115 (36.5%) | 0.005 |
| HF aetiology: hypertensive, n (%) | 254 (10.1%) | 225 (10.2%) | 29 (9.2%) | ||
| HF aetiology: valvular, n (%) | 190 (7.6%) | 169 (7.7%) | 21 (6.7%) | ||
| HF aetiology: other/mixed, n (%) | 969 (38.5%) | 819 (37.2%) | 150 (47.6%) | ||
| Precipitating factors, n (%) | |||||
| Acute coronary syndrome, n (%) | 1703 | 155 (9.1%) | 101 (6.9%) | 54 (23.1%) | <0.0001 |
| Non-compliance, n (%) | 1702 | 304 (17.9%) | 274 (18.7%) | 30 (12.9%) | 0.032 |
| Atrial fibrillation, n (%) | 1703 | 770 (45.2%) | 691 (47.0%) | 79 (33.8%) | 0.0002 |
| Infection, n (%) | 1703 | 224 (13.2%) | 199 (13.5%) | 25 (10.7%) | 0.23 |
| Uncontrolled hypertension, n (%) | 1703 | 244 (14.3%) | 198 (13.5%) | 46 (19.7%) | 0.012 |
| Renal dysfunction, n (%) | 1703 | 439 (25.8%) | 403 (27.4%) | 36 (15.4%) | <0.0001 |
| Other/mixed, n (%) | 1703 | 287 (16.9%) | 228 (15.5%) | 59 (25.2%) | 0.0002 |
| Coronary stenosis, n (%) | 312 | 122 (39.1%) | 0 | 122 (39.1%) | NA |
| Haemoglobin, g/dL | 2293 | 13.2±1.9 | 13.1±1.9 | 13.5±1.9 | 0.0009 |
| eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m2 | 2516 | 62.4±23.2 | 61.5±23.3 | 69.4±21.7 | <0.0001 |
| Urea, mmol/L | 2083 | 11.4 (7.6–18.2) | 11.8 (7.8–18.6) | 8.9 (6.5–15.0) | <0.0001 |
| Sodium, mmol/L | 2327 | 139.1±4.0 | 139.1±4.1 | 139.2±3.7 | 0.92 |
| Potassium, mmol/L | 2324 | 4.3±0.6 | 4.3±0.6 | 4.2±0.6 | 0.001 |
| Albumin, g/L | 2361 | 32.4±8.8 | 32.4±8.9 | 32.2±7.9 | 0.75 |
| Glucose, mmol/L | 1894 | 7.2±3.1 | 7.1±3.1 | 7.3±2.8 | 0.31 |
| ALAT, UI/L | 1804 | 25.0 (17.0–38.0) | 24.0 (16.0–36.0) | 32.0 (21.0–48.5) | <0.0001 |
| ASAT, UI/L | 1598 | 25.0 (19.0–35.0) | 25.0 (19.0–34.0) | 29.0 (21.0–41.0) | <0.0001 |
| GGT, UI/L | 1151 | 55.0 (28.0–108.2) | 55.0 (28.0–108.0) | 56.0 (28.0–114.0) | 0.055 |
| Total bilirubin, µmol/L | 1381 | 14.0 (10.0–21.0) | 15.0 (10.0–21.0) | 11.6 (8.7–17.0) | 0.43 |
| HDL, mmol/L | 1166 | 1.1±0.4 | 1.1±0.4 | 1.1±0.4 | 0.32 |
| LDL, mmol/L | 1103 | 2.6±1.1 | 2.5±1.0 | 2.8±1.1 | 0.007 |
| Total cholesterol, mmol/L | 1407 | 4.3±1.3 | 4.2±1.3 | 4.5±1.3 | 0.037 |
| Triglycerides, mmol/L | 1309 | 1.5±1.0 | 1.5±1.1 | 1.4±1.0 | 0.74 |
| Log NT-proBNP, ng/L | 2174 | 3.0±1.4 | 3.1±1.4 | 2.9±1.2 | 0.10 |
| Troponin I, pg/mL | 2352 | 12.8 (6.8–27.9) | 12.3 (6.7–25.6) | 19.1 (8.1–36.0) | <0.0001 |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 2516 | 1569 (62.4%) | 1381 (62.7%) | 188 (59.7%) | 0.29 |
| Atrial fibrillation, n (%) | 2516 | 1143 (45.4%) | 1044 (47.4%) | 99 (31.4%) | <0.0001 |
| Diabetes mellitus, n (%) | 2516 | 819 (32.6%) | 717 (32.6%) | 102 (32.4%) | 0.94 |
| Never smoked, n (%) | 2513 | 940 (37.4%) | 838 (38.1%) | 102 (32.5%) | <0.0001 |
| Past smoker, n (%) | 1220 (48.5%) | 1083 (49.2%) | 137 (43.6%) | ||
| Current smoker, n (%) | 353 (14.0%) | 278 (12.6%) | 75 (23.9%) | ||
| COPD, n (%) | 2516 | 436 (17.3%) | 385 (17.5%) | 51 (16.2%) | 0.57 |
| Stroke, n (%) | 2516 | 233 (9.3%) | 217 (9.9%) | 16 (5.1%) | 0.006 |
| Peripheral artery disease, n (%) | 2516 | 273 (10.9%) | 245 (11.1%) | 28 (8.9%) | 0.23 |
| Device therapy, n (%) | 2516 | 618 (24.6%) | 591 (26.9%) | 27 (8.6%) | <0.0001 |
| PCI or CABG, n (%) | 2516 | 842 (33.5%) | 774 (35.2%) | 68 (21.6%) | <0.0001 |
| Loop diuretic, n (%) | 2516 | 2504 (99.5%) | 2193 (99.6%) | 311 (98.7%) | 0.081 |
| ACEi/ARB, n (%) | 2516 | 1820 (72.3%) | 1574 (71.5%) | 246 (78.1%) | 0.015 |
| β-blocker, n (%) | 2516 | 2093 (83.2%) | 1829 (83.1%) | 264 (83.8%) | 0.75 |
| MRA, n (%) | 2516 | 1339 (53.2%) | 1178 (53.5%) | 161 (51.1%) | 0.42 |
| Digoxin, n (%) | 2516 | 491 (19.5%) | 441 (20.0%) | 50 (15.9%) | 0.081 |
| Death or HF hospitalisation, n (%) | 2516 | 1017 (40.4%) | 932 (42.3%) | 85 (27.0%) | <0.0001 |
| Death, n (%) | 2516 | 657 (26.1%) | 612 (27.8%) | 45 (14.3%) | <0.0001 |
| HF hospitalisation n (%) | 2516 | 609 (24.2%) | 559 (25.4%) | 50 (15.9%) | 0.0002 |
European regions were divided into Southern countries (Greece, Italy, Serbia, Slovenia and France) and Northern countries (Netherlands, Sweden, Norway, Germany, Poland and UK).
ACEi, ACE inhibitor; ALAT, alanine aminotransferase level; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker; ASAT, aspartate aminotransferase level; BMI, body mass index; CABG, coronary artery bypass grafting; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; GGT, gamma-glutamyl transferase; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; HF, heart failure; JVP, jugular venous pressure; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; MRA, mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist; NA, not applicable; NT-proBNP, N-terminal pro b-type natriuretic peptide; NYHA, New York Heart Association; PCI, percutaneous coronary intervention; SBP, systolic blood pressure.