Patient characteristics
| Characteristic | Women (n=456) (n (%)) | Men (n=535) (n (%)) | P value |
| Mean (SD) age, years | 65.2 (6.5) | 64.4 (6.6) | 0.047 |
| Current smoker | 34 (7.5) | 99 (18.5) | <0.001 |
| Current or past smoker | 87 (19.1) | 432 (80.8) | <0.001 |
| A history of CAD | 19 (4.2) | 56 (10.5) | <0.001 |
| Hypertension | 185 (40.6) | 215 (40.2) | 0.902 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 114 (25.0) | 171 (32.0) | 0.016 |
| Dyslipidaemia | 318 (69.7) | 372 (69.5) | 0.944 |
| Mean (SD) body mass index, kg/m2 | 23.6 (3.7) | 24.4 (3.2) | <0.001 |
| Overweight and obesity* | 141 (30.9) | 204 (38.1) | 0.018 |
| Oestrogen status† | 23 (5.0) | – | – |
| Mean (SD) systolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 134.6 (18.6) | 134.7 (17.5) | 0.935 |
| Mean (SD) total cholesterol, mg/dL | 211.4 (35.1) | 193.5 (32.7) | <0.001 |
| Mean (SD) HDL cholesterol, mg/dL | 60.8 (15.1) | 52.4 (12.6) | <0.001 |
| Coronary calcium score | |||
| Median (IQR) | 4 (0–78) | 60 (1–302) | <0.001 |
| Mean (SD) log transformed‡ | 2.17 (2.32) | 3.64 (2.56) | <0.001 |
| 0 | 204 (44.7) | 120 (22.4) | <0.001 |
| >0 to <100 | 153 (33.6) | 180 (33.6) | |
| 100 to <400 | 71 (15.6) | 122 (22.8) | |
| ≥400 | 28 (6.1) | 113 (21.1) | |
| Obstructive CAD | 99 (21.7) | 198 (37.0) | <0.001 |
| Obstructive CAD in patients with | |||
| CAC=0 | 13 (6.4) | 6 (5.0) | <0.001 |
| CAC >0 to <100 | 34 (22.2) | 45 (25.0) | |
| CAC 100 to <400 | 33 (46.5) | 56 (45.9) | |
| CAC ≥400 | 19 (67.9) | 91 (80.5) | |
*Defined as BMI 25 kg/m2 or over.
†Oestrogen status was considered positive if women were premenopausal or had oral oestrogen replacement therapy , and negative if they were postmenopausal and were not on oestrogen replacement therapy.
‡Natural logarithm of coronary calcium score + 1 .
CAC, coronary artery calcification; CAD, coronary artery disease; HDL, high-density lipoprotein.