Table 2

HR (95% CI) of incident CVD according to nut consumption in Swedish adults, 1998–2014

Outcome	Frequency of nut consumption				P_trend
Outcome	None	1–3/month	1–2/week	≥3/week	Linear	Non-linear
Myocardial infarction
Cases (n=4983)	2962	1734	213	74
Age-adjusted and sex-adjusted model*	1.00 (reference)	0.88 (0.83 to 0.93)	0.79 (0.69 to 0.91)	0.77 (0.61 to 0.96)	<0.001	<0.001
Multivariable model 1†	1.00 (reference)	0.96 (0.90 to 1.02)	0.88 (0.77 to 1.02)	0.86 (0.68 to 1.09)	0.04	0.10
Multivariable model 2†‡	1.00 (reference)	0.98 (0.92 to 1.04)	0.91 (0.79 to 1.05)	0.88 (0.70 to 1.11)	0.12	0.26
Non-fatal myocardial infarction
Cases (n=4066)	2368	1466	182	51
Age-adjusted and sex-adjusted model*	1.00 (reference)	0.92 (0.86 to 0.98)	0.83 (0.71 to 0.96)	0.66 (0.50 to 0.88)	<0.001	0.01
Multivariable model 1†	1.00 (reference)	0.99 (0.92 to 1.06)	0.92 (0.79 to 1.08)	0.75 (0.57 to 0.99)	0.03	0.31
Multivariable model 2†‡	1.00 (reference)	1.01 (0.95 to 1.08)	0.95 (0.82 to 1.11)	0.76 (0.58 to 1.01)	0.09	0.26
Fatal myocardial infarction
Cases (n=917)	595	268	31	23
Age-adjusted and sex-adjusted model*	1.00 (reference)	0.73 (0.63 to 0.84)	0.63 (0.44 to 0.91)	1.19 (0.78 to 0.80)	0.14	<0.001
Multivariable model 1†	1.00 (reference)	0.82 (0.71 to 0.95)	0.72 (0.50 to 1.05)	1.32 (0.86 to 2.01)	0.78	0.009
Multivariable model 2†‡	1.00 (reference)	0.85 (0.73 to 0.99)	0.75 (0.52 to 1.09)	1.34 (0.88 to 2.05)	0.99	0.03
Heart failure
Cases (n=3160)	2034	950	114	62
Age-adjusted and sex-adjusted model*	1.00 (reference)	0.78 (0.72 to 0.84)	0.72 (0.60 to 0.87)	0.94 (0.73 to 1.21)	0.001	<0.001
Multivariable model 1†	1.00 (reference)	0.83 (0.77 to 0.90)	0.76 (0.63 to 0.92)	0.94 (0.73 to 1.22)	0.01	<0.001
Multivariable model 2†‡	1.00 (reference)	0.87 (0.80 to 0.94)	0.80 (0.67 to 0.97)	0.98 (0.76 to 1.27)	0.07	0.003
Atrial fibrillation
Cases (n=7550)	4372	2737	328	113
Age-adjusted and sex-adjusted model*	1.00 (reference)	0.97 (0.92 to 1.01)	0.88 (0.79 to 0.99)	0.87 (0.67 to 0.89)	0.002	0.18
Multivariable model 1†	1.00 (reference)	0.95 (0.91 to 1.00)	0.85 (0.76 to 0.95)	0.79 (0.65 to 0.95)	<0.001	0.06
Multivariable model 2†‡	1.00 (reference)	0.97 (0.93 to 1.02)	0.88 (0.79 to 0.99)	0.82 (0.68 to 0.99)	0.004	0.24
Aortic valve stenosis
Cases (n=972)	561	356	41	14
Age-adjusted and sex-adjusted model*	1.00 (reference)	1.01 (0.89 to 1.16)	0.90 (0.66 to 1.24)	0.78 (0.46 to 1.33)	0.29	0.26
Multivariable model 1†	1.00 (reference)	1.06 (0.92 to 1.21)	0.95 (0.69 to 1.31)	0.83 (0.48 to 1.41)	0.61	0.25
Multivariable model 2†‡	1.00 (reference)	1.09 (0.95 to 1.26)	1.00 (0.72 to 1.37)	0.87 (0.51 to 1.41)	0.89	0.20
Abdominal aortic aneurysm
Cases (n=983)	608	324	42	9
Age-adjusted and sex-adjusted model*	1.00 (reference)	0.84 (0.74 to 0.97)	0.82 (0.60 to 1.12)	0.49 (0.25 to 0.94)	0.03	0.12
Multivariable model 1†	1.00 (reference)	0.93 (0.81 to 1.07)	0.90 (0.65 to 1.24)	0.56 (0.29 to 1.09)	0.06	0.47
Multivariable model 2†‡	1.00 (reference)	0.94 (0.82 to 1.08)	0.92 (0.67 to 1.26)	0.58 (0.30 to 1.13)	0.89	0.53
Ischaemic stroke
Cases (n=3782)	2202	1335	180	65
Age-adjusted and sex-adjusted model*	1.00 (reference)	0.95 (0.89 to 1.02)	1.00 (0.86 to 1.16)	0.93 (0.73 to 1.19)	0.42	0.24
Multivariable model 1†	1.00 (reference)	1.01 (0.94 to 1.08)	1.09 (0.93 to 1.27)	1.01 (0.79 to 1.30)	0.54	0.80
Multivariable model 2†‡	1.00 (reference)	1.04 (0.97 to 1.11)	1.12 (0.96 to 1.31)	1.03 (0.80 to 1.32)	0.29	0.49
Intracerebral haemorrhage
Cases (n=543)	306	205	22	10
Age-adjusted and sex-adjusted model*	1.00 (reference)	1.01 (0.84 to 1.21)	0.83 (0.54 to 1.28)	1.04 (0.55 to 1.95)	0.78	0.28
Multivariable model 1†	1.00 (reference)	1.04 (0.86 to 1.25)	0.84 (0.54 to 1.30)	1.00 (0.53 to 1.90)	0.79	0.27
Multivariable model 2†‡	1.00 (reference)	1.04 (0.86 to 1.25)	0.84 (0.54 to 1.30)	1.00 (0.53 to 1.89)	0.77	0.29

*HRs were estimated by Cox proportional hazards models with age as the time scale and stratified by sex.
†HRs were estimated by Cox proportional hazards models with age as the time scale and stratified by sex, and adjusted for education (less than high school, high school or university), family history of myocardial infarction before 60 years of age (yes/no), smoking (never, past <20 pack-years, past ≥20 pack-years, current <20 pack-years or current ≥20 pack-years), walking/bicycling (almost never,<20 min/day, 20–40 min/day or >40 min/day), exercise (<1 hour/week, 1–2 hours/week, 3–4 hours/week or ≥5 hours/week), aspirin use (never, 1–6 tablets/week or ≥7 tablets/week) and consumption of alcohol (never drinkers, past drinkers or current drinkers of <1 drink/week, 1–6 drinks/week, 7–14 drinks/week, 14–21 drinks/week or >21 drinks/week), fruits (quintiles), vegetables (quintiles) and total energy (kcal/day; continuous).
‡HRs were adjusted for the same variables as in model 1 and further for potential intermediates of the nut–CVD relationship, including body mass index (<22.5, 22.5–24.9, 25.0–29.9 or ≥30.0 kg/m²), history of diabetes (yes/no), history of hypertension (yes/no) and history of hypercholesterolaemia (yes/no).
CVD, cardiovascular disease.