Characteristics of the study cohort by HIV serostatus
| N (%) | |||
| HIV uninfected (n=652) | HIV- infected (n=774) | P values | |
| Age in years; median (IQR) | 61.0 (54.4–67.2) | 54.4 (46.9–60.6) | <0.001 |
| Race (%) | |||
| Caucasian | 471 (72) | 370 (48) | <0.001 |
| Black | 118 (18) | 255 (33) | |
| Hispanic/other | 63 (10) | 149 (19) | |
| MACS site | |||
| Baltimore | 154 (24) | 187 (24) | 0.012 |
| Chicago | 104 (16) | 172 (22) | |
| Pittsburgh | 191 (29) | 188 (24) | |
| Los Angeles | 203 (31) | 227 (29) | |
| Enrolled after 2001 | 232 (36) | 500 (65) | <0.001 |
| Education level (below 12 years) | 91 (14) | 197 (25) | <0.001 |
| Alcohol use >13 drinks per week | 55 (7) | 63 (10) | 0.08 |
| Cumulative pack-year of smoking | 0.2 (0–17.4) | 2 (0–19.5) | 0.15 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2); median (IQR) | 26.6 (23.8–30) | 25.9 (23.2–29.1) | 0.005 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg); median (IQR) | 130.5 (120–141) | 128 (119–138) | 0.001 |
| On hypertension medications | 242 (38) | 255 (33) | 0.09 |
| On diabetes medications | 59 (9) | 72 (9) | 0.89 |
| On cholesterol lowering medications | 225 (35) | 265 (35) | 0.87 |
| Opioid use | 42 (6) | 61(8) | 0.30 |
| HCV infection | 24 (4) | 50 (7) | 0.011 |
| Fasting glucose (mg/dL); median (IQR) | 94 (87–103) | 94 (87–103) | 0.69 |
| Total cholesterol (mL/dL); median (IQR) | 179 (157–203) | 176 (149–200) | 0.025 |
| HDL cholesterol (mL/dL); median (IQR) | 50.4 (42.9–60) | 46 (40–56) | <0.001 |
| eGFR below 60 mL/min/m2 | 46 (7) | 85 (11) | 0.011 |
| QT prolongation drugs (known+possible) | 46 (7) | 93 (12) | 0.002 |
| Biomarkers; median (IQR) | |||
| BAFF (ng/mL, n=580 HIV−/637 HIV+) | 2.4 (2.1–2.9) | 2.7 (2.2–3.2) | <0.001 |
| CXCL13 (ng/mL, n=580 HIV−/637 HIV+) | 0.4 (0.3–0.5) | 0.5 (0.3–0.6) | <0.001 |
| sCD14 (ng/mL, n=580 HIV−/637 HIV+) | 1818 (1540–2160) | 1950 (1634–2297) | <0.001 |
| sCD27 (ng/mL, n=580 HIV−/637 HIV+) | 11.2 (9.2–14) | 13.5 (10.6–16.9) | <0.001 |
| sGP130 (ng/mL, n=580 HIV−/637 HIV+) | 165 (151–183) | 170 (151–188) | 0.015 |
| sIL-2Ra (ng/mL, n=580 HIV−/637 HIV+) | 2.0 (1.5–2.5) | 2.1 (1.7–2.7) | 0.045 |
| sIL-6Ra (ng/mL, n=580 HIV−/637 HIV+) | 35.5 (28.5–44) | 35.1 (28.8–43.9) | 0.91 |
| sTNF-R2 (ng/mL, n=580 HIV−/637 HIV+) | 2.5 (2.1–2.9) | 2.6 (2.2–3.3) | <0.001 |
| CCL2 (MCP1) (pg/mL, n=256 HIV−/388 HIV+) | 238 (184–305) | 273 (210–346) | <0.001 |
| CRP (ug/mL, n=255 HIV−/388 HIV+) | 0.9 (0.5–1.8) | 1.2 (0.6–2.8) | 0.006 |
| D-dimer (µg/mL, n=254 HIV−/385 HIV+) | 0.2 (0.1–0.3) | 0.2 (0.1–0.3) | 0.009 |
| Fibrinogen (mL/dL, n=255 HIV−/384 HIV+) | 333 (293–372) | 320 (275–365) | 0.024 |
| ICAM-1 (ng/mL, n=255 HIV–/388 HIV+) | 225 (192–265) | 259 (209–314) | <0.001 |
| IL-6 (pg/mL, n=250 HIV−/385 HIV+) | 1.2 (0.8–2.0) | 1.5 (1.0–2.3) | 0.004 |
| RANKL (pg/mL, n=255 HIV−/386 HIV+) | 13.8 (7.5–30.3) | 7.8 (3.4–19.5) | <0.001 |
| sCD163 (ng/mL, n=247 HIV−/376 HIV+) | 538 (427–683) | 657 (501–853) | <0.001 |
| sTNF-R1 (pg/mL, n=256 HIV−/387 HIV+) | 1141 (949–1321) | 1175 (956–1467) | 0.028 |
| HIV factors | |||
| HIV RNA (viral load), <50 copies/mL | 636 (83) | ||
| HIV RNA copy number per mL if detectable; median (IQR) | 318 (86–6639) | ||
| CD4+ T cell count (cells/mm3); median (IQR) | 698 (521–884) | ||
| Nadir CD4+ T cell count (cells/mm3); median (IQR) | 335 (216–467) | ||
| On HAART | 698 (91) | ||
| Duration of HAART (years); median (IQR) | 12.1 (4.4–16.4) | ||
| On protease inhibitor (PI) | 183 (24) | ||
| Duration of PI use (years); median (IQR) | 3.7 (0–11.4) | ||
| On efavirenz | 21 (3) | ||
| On rilpivirine | 8 (1) | ||
| History of AIDS | 74 (10) | ||
| ECG parameters | |||
| Heart rate (bpm); median (IQR) | 64 (56–72) | 67 (59–74) | <0.001 |
| QRS duration (ms); median (IQR) | 90 (83.5–96) | 88 (84–96) | 0.23 |
| LVH by Cornell voltage | 7 (1) | 12 (2) | 0.43 |
| QTc duration (Framingham) (ms) (SD) | 411.3 (20) | 412.1 (19.2) | 0.47 |
| Clinical threshold >450 (%) | 17 (3) | 24 (3) | 0.58 |
| QTc duration (Bazett) (ms) (SD) | 416.7 (23.9) | 419.8 (23.9) | 0.018 |
| Clinical threshold >450 (%) | 57 (9) | 84 (11) | 0.18 |
| QTc duration (Hodges) (ms) (SD) | 412.6 (19.9) | 412.4 (19.4) | 0.92 |
| Clinical threshold >450 (%) | 20 (3) | 19 (2) | 0.48 |
BAFF, B-cell activating factor; CRP, C reactive protein; CXCL13, chemokine C-X-C motif ligand 13; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; HAART, highly active antiretroviral therapy; HCV, hepatitis C virus; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; ICAM-1, intercellular adhesion molecule 1; IL-6, interleukin-6; LVH, left ventricular hypertrophy; MACS, Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study; QTc, corrected QT interval; RANKL, receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappa B ligand; sGP130, soluble β-receptor glycoprotein 130; sIL-2Ra, soluble IL-2 receptor alpha; sIL-6Ra, soluble IL-6 receptor alpha; sTNFR1, soluble tumour necrosis factor-receptor 1; sTNFR2, soluble tumour necrosis factor-receptor 2; ECG (electrocardiography); CCL2, chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2; soluble CD163 (sCD163); soluble CD14 (sCD14); soluble CD27 (sCD27).