Relative utility of non-invasive cardiovascular imaging in girls (<15 years) and adult women (≥15 years) with Turner syndrome in daily clinical imaging practice
| TTE | CCT | CMR | ||||
| Girls | Women | Girls | Women | Girls | Women | |
| Congenital heart defects | ||||||
| Bicuspid aortic valve | +++ | ++ | + | + | +++ | +++ |
| Aortic coarctation | ++ | + | +++ | +++ | +++ | +++ |
| Elongated transverse arch | + | – | +++ | +++ | +++ | +++ |
| PAPVC | ++ | + | +++ | +++ | +++ | +++ |
| Aortopathy | ||||||
| Aortic dilation | ++ | + | +++ | +++ | +++ | +++ |
| Aortic growth | ++ | + | +++ | +++ | +++ | +++ |
| Coronary artery disease | ||||||
| Origin and course | ++ | + | +++* | +++* | ++ | ++ |
| Atherosclerosis | – | +++* | – | |||
Relative utility: low (+), intermediate (++), high (+++) and non-diagnostic (–).
*CCT has high negative predictive value for coronary arterial disease when acquired using ECG-gating at low heart rates (often requiring pharmaceutical heart rate reduction to achieve sufficiently low heart rates for minimal cardiac motion artefact) and with sublingual nitroglycerine to improve endoluminal visualisation.
CCT, cardiovascular CT; CMR, cardiovascular magnetic resonance; PAPVC, partial anomalous pulmonary venous connection; TTE, transthoracic echocardiography.