E wave | A wave | E/A ratio | DT | Septal e′ | E/e′ ratio | |
Age* | 5.38 (2.60 to 8.16)† | 23.5 (20.4 to 26.6)† | −0.010 (−0.012 to –0.009)† | 0.55 (0.23 to 0.87)† | −0.006 (−0.02 to 0.03) | 0.015 (−0.05 to 0.019) |
BMI | 0.22 (−0.10 to 0.54) | 1.25 (0.84 to 1.66)† | −0.007 (−0.01 to –0.003)† | 0.86 (0.017 to 1.71)‡ | −0.03 (−0.07 to 0.006) | 0.12 (0.06 to 0.19)† |
SBP | 0.14 (0.08 to 0.19)† | 0.12 (0.05 to 0.19)† | 0.0001 (−0.0007 to 0.0009) | −0.09 (−0.25 to 0.05) | −0.002 (−0.01 to 0.006) | 0.028 (0.01 to 0.04)† |
DBP | −0.21 (−0.32 to –0,10)† | −0.10 (−0.24 to 0.03) | −0.002 (−0.003 to –0.0004)‡ | 0.18 (−0.11 to 0.46) | −0.005 (−0.02 to 0.01) | −0.016 (−0.04 to 0.008) |
BP-lowering medication | −0.78 (−2.79 to 1.23) | 1.90 (−0.66 to 4.47) | −0.02 (−0.05 to 0.005) | 2.24 (−3.05 to 7.53) | −0.09 (−0.33 to 0.16) | 0.11 (−0.27 to 0.48) |
Heart rate | −0.10 (−0.18 to 0.01) | 0.21 (0.10 to 0.32)† | −0.003 (−0.004 to –0.002)† | −0.29 (−0.52 to –0.06)‡ | 0.003 (−0.007 to 0.01) | −0.013 (−0.029 to 0.003) |
Total cholesterol | −0.55 (−1.55 to 0.45) | −0.45 (−1.75 to 0.84) | 0.013 (−0.0005 to 0.03) | 1.42 (−1.23 to 4.06) | −0.12 (−0.25 to 0.02) | 0.022 (−0.18 to 0.22) |
HDL cholesterol | −0.28 (−3.07 to 2.52) | 1.79 (−1.85 to 5.43) | −0.005 (−0.05 to 0.03) | 3.03 (−4.41 to 10.47) | 0.17 (−0.17 to 0.51) | −0.04 (−0.56 to 0.48) |
Lipid-lowering medication | 0.23 (−2.11 to 2.58) | −2.19 (−5.20 to 0.83) | 0.02 (−0.02 to 0.05) | 2.01 (−4.35 to 8.38) | −0.15 (−0.45 to 0.15) | −0.038 (−0.49 to 0.41) |
Current smoking | 1.32 (−1.53 to 4.16) | 2.48 (−1.04 to 6.0) | −0.007 (−0.05 to 0.03) | 2.72 (−4.79 to 10.2) | 0.04 (−0.39 to 0.47) | −0.08 (−0.73 to 0.57) |
Left ventricular mass | −0.08 (−0.14 to –0.03)† | −0.028 (−0.09 to 0.04) | −0.0005 (−0.001 to 0.0002) | 0.006 (−0.13 to 0.14) | −0.017 (−0.02 to –0.01)† | 0.017 (0.007 to 0.03)† |
Prevalent CHD | 1.54 (−1.83 to 4.91) | 3.1 (−1.40 to 7.54) | 0.02 (−0.03 to 0.06) | −1.59 (−10.96 to 7.78) | −0.35 (−0.71 to 0.023) | 0.81 (0.26 to 1.37)† |
Prevalent DM | 1.75 (−1.28 to 4.77) | 3.83 (0.06 to 7.60)‡ | 0.005 (−0.04 to 0.05) | −1.09 (−8.94 to 6.76) | −0.40 (−0.70 to –0.09)‡ | 0.60 (0.14 to 1.06)‡ |
Ejection fraction | 0.11 (−0.007 to 0.22) | 0.04 (−0.11 to 0.18) | 0.002 (0.0002 to 0.003)‡ | 0.28 (−0.023 to 0.59) | 0.004 (−0.01 to 0.018) | 0.011 (−0.012 to 0.033) |
Physical activity | −0.005 (−0.03 to 0.01) | −0.003 (−0.03 to 0.02) | −0.00006 (−0.0004 to 0.0002) | −0.02 (−0.07 to 0.03) | 0.002 (−0.0001 to 0.005) | −0.003 (−0.007 to 0.001) |
Left atrium dimension | 0.11 (−0.09 to 0.30) | −0.21 (−0.46 to 0.04) | 0.003 (0.0003 to 0.006)‡ | −0.24 (−0.75 to 0.27) | −0.002 (−0.02 to 0.02) | −0.003 (−0.03 to 0.02) |
All presented betas (95% CIs) are based on fully adjusted models.
*Age in this analysis is used as a time-varying covariate.
†P<0.0083 (significant at Bonferroni-corrected p value).
‡P<0.05.
BMI, body mass index; BP, blood pressure; CHD, coronary heart disease; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; DM, diabetes mellitus; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LVDF, left ventricular diastolic function; SBP, systolic blood pressure.