Stress echocardiographic characteristics
| DCM (n=35) | Athlete in the grey zone (n=25) | Athlete controls (n=24) | P value | |
| Total watts | 234.6±48.0 | 308.6±59.6* | 293.5±59.6* | <0.0001 |
| Peak LVEDV (mL) | 176.3±40.3† | 167.4±17.5† | 140.7±22.8 | <0.0001 |
| Peak LVESV (mL) | 86.2±34.7† | 56.2±11.3† | 40.3±4.9 | <0.0001 |
| Peak SV (mL) | 90.1±22.8 | 111.2±15.6 | 101.8±17.9 | <0.0001 |
| Peak LV ejection fraction (%) | 52.0.±11.5 | 67.6±3.9* | 71.4±3.4* | <0.0001 |
| Change in LV ejection fraction (%) | 4.9±8.9 | 17.7±4.1 | 13.1±3.1 | <0.0001 |
| Peak mitral E wave | 1.34±0.28 | 1.30±0.27 | 1.46±0.24 | 0.217 |
| Peak Lateral E′ (cm/s) | 21.5±5.5 | 23.6±5.2 | 23.8±5.8 | 0.266 |
| Peak Lateral E/E′ | 6.6±2.3 | 5.9±2.0 | 5.86±1.84 | 0.463 |
| Peak S′ (cm/s) | 15.6±5.0 | 22.1±6.1* | 22.5±6.6* | <0.0001 |
| Peak SBP (mm Hg) | 189.5±26.7 | 210.3±24.7* | 202.3±27.2* | 0.007 |
| Peak DBP (mm Hg) | 98.0±11.0 | 102.3±13.9 | 94.1±14.50 | 0.018 |
| Peak HR (bpm) | 148.6±15.4‡ | 162.2±11.1 | 150.6±9.7‡ | 0.01 |
*Non-significant between grey zone and control athletes.
†Non-significant between grey zone and DCM.
‡Non-significant between DCM and athlete controls.
bpm, beats per minute; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; DCM, dilated cardiomyopathy; HR, heart rate; LV, left ventricular; LVEDV, left ventricular end-diastolic volume; LVESV, left ventricular end-systolic volume; SBP, systolic blood pressure; SV, stroke volume.