Baseline echocardiographic characteristics
| DCM (n=35) | Healthy athletes with LV dilatation and LVEF <55% grey zone (n=25) | Athlete controls (n=24) | P value | |
| LAVi (mL/m2) | 29.2 (24.4–35.2) | 33.7 (30.0–37.5) | 35.6 (31.3–40.7) | 0.081 |
| LVEDD (mm) | 60.3±2.2* | 59.3±2.3* | 53.3±3.3 | <0.0001 |
| LVEDD/BSA | 28.6±3.6 | 29.8±2.0 | 28.2±2.7 | 0.137 |
| LVESD (mm) | 45.7±5.5* | 41.8±3.4* | 35.3±3.7 | <0.0001 |
| LVESD/BSA | 21.7±3.6 | 21.0±2.2 | 18.7±2.4 | <0.0001 |
| LV mass (g) | 209.8±58.1 | 200.3±47.9 | 180.6±30.4 | 0.081 |
| Baseline LVEDV (mL) | 185.27±31.2* | 185.0±20.4* | 152.4±22.9 | <0.0001 |
| Baseline LVESV (mL) | 97.9±22.8* | 92.7±12.0* | 64.4±11.7 | <0.0001 |
| Baseline SV (mL) | 87.3±16.3 | 92.6±12.0 | 88.1±13.7 | 0.346 |
| LV ejection fraction (%) | 47.6±5.4* | 49.9±2.5* | 58.3±2.3 | <0.0001 |
| TAPSE (mm) | 22.2±4.0 | 23.6±3.2 | 24.5±4.1 | 0.059 |
| RVD1 (mm) | 40.2±5.6‡ | 45.4±4.6 | 41.4±5.0‡ | 0.001 |
| RVD2 (mm) | 27.6±5.1 | 31.9.±5.5 | 29.5±5.5 | 0.010 |
| Mitral E wave (cm/s) | 0.71±0.20 | 0.52±0.15 | 0.88±0.17 | 0.487 |
| Mitral A wave (cm/s) | 0.52±0.15 | 0.44±0.14 | 0.46±0.10 | 0.094 |
| Mitral E/A ratio | 1.53±0.62 | 1.97±0.66 | 1.93±0.97 | 0.096 |
| Lateral E′ (cm/s) | 13.7±4.8 | 17.2±4.4† | 17.1±3.3† | 0.008 |
| Lateral S′ (cm/s) | 8.8±2.3 | 11.4±2.3† | 11.7±1.9† | <0.0001 |
| Lateral E/E′ | 5.99±2.32 | 4.33±1.35† | 4.53±1.03† | 0.004 |
| Average E/E′ | 6.75±1.91 | 5.24±1.61† | 5.30±1.26† | 0.007 |
*Non-significant between the patients with DCM and athletes in the grey zone.
†Non-significant between grey-zone and control athletes.
‡Non-significant between DCM and athlete controls.
BSA, body surface area; DCM, dilated cardiomyopathy; LA, left atrial; LAVi, left atrial volume indexed; LV, left ventricular; LVEDD, left ventricular end-diastolic dimension; LVEDV, left ventricular end-diastolic volume; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; LVESD, left ventricular end-systolic dimension; LVESV, left ventricular end-systolic volume; RVD1, right ventricular basal dimension; RVD2, right ventricular mid-cavity dimension; RVD3, right ventricular longitudinal dimension 3; SV, stroke volume; TAPSE, tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion.